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DEMOGRAPHICS & DISEASE.pptx
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- 2. DEMOGRAPHICS & DISEASE Inthe past 10,000 years human cultural evolution has demonstrated 3 features: 1.Increase in sociocultural complexity. 2.Increase in energy flow. 3.Increase in population size & density. Each has made significant impacts upon health & disease.
- 3. DEMOGRAPHY • Study ofpopulation. • Examines patterns of ,Birth, Death and Migration • • Demographic anthropology usually concentrates more on small scale communities as well as examining population in longer time frame: prehistory & history.
- 4. DISTRIBUTION OF APOPULATION BY AGE AND SEX.
- 5. ANTHROPOLOGICAL DEMOGRAPHY • Usesanthropological theory & methods to provide better understanding of demographic phenomena in current & past populations. • Combines complementary elements of demography & anthropology. • demography more statistically oriented & mainly concerned with dynamic forces defining population size & structure & their variation across time & space.
- 6. SOCIO-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY • moreinterpretative & focuses on social organization shaping production & reproduction of human populations. • Main theoretical concepts: • Culture • Gender • Political economy. • Empirical research approach includes mix of quantitative & qualitative methodologies applied to case studies. • Ethnographic fieldwork and participant observation are central as is an interpretative reading of secondary data & historical material
- 7. DEMOGRAPHICS & DISEASE •Common formulae/statisics: • Natality: # births per 1000 population. per year. • Mortality: # deaths per 1000 population per year. • Infant mortality rate: # deaths (<1 yr) per 1000 population per year. • Total fertility rate: # children born on average to women in their reproductive years. • Life expectancy is supposedly indicative of quality of life. • Can mask considerable disparity in variation based upon factors such as gender, geography, socioeconomic class, etc
- 8. PRIMITIVE SOCIETY • Hunting& gathering or foraging • What humans did for a long time. • Primary sources of mortality probably included: Infectious diseases Accidents Homicide.
- 9. • Low popgrowth rates of .04% per year. • — Limited fertility span for most women: 10-15 years. • — Children were an economic burden. • — Low fertility rates maintained by cultural practices: • — Post partum sexual taboos. • — Prolonged breastfeeding of children. • — Infanticide
- 10. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY • Began+/- 10,000 years ago. • Different centers •Near East •India •China •West Africa •Oceania •Peru. • •Domestication of plants & animals. • •Shift from food collection to food production. • •Nomadic to sedentary settlement patterns
- 12. • Sedentary settlementled to increasing concentration of population. • Closer proximity to domesticated animals and uninvited pests (rats, roaches, mosquitoes). • Sanitation – how to dispose of waste products? • Epidemics – mobility no longer a viable option. • Dietary shift • less overall dietary diversity • more starch & less protein
- 14. WHY WAS TRANSITIONTO FARMING & SEDENTARY LIFE SO BAD FOR HEALTH? • 1.Reliance on starchy crops • Hunter-gatherers enjoyed a varied diet. • Early farmers obtained most food from 1 or 2 starchy crops • Maize/corn in New World. • Wheat or rice in Old World. • More calories came but at price – fewer proteins, vitamins, & minerals
- 15. 2. Reliance onsmall number of crops •Dependence on limited # of major crops meant serious risk of starvation if 1 or more failed for whatever reason.
- 16. • Increasing densityof settlement • With transition to farming, people became sedentary. • Eventually led to larger, denser settlements than before – towns & cities – along with major sanitation problems. • Spread of infectious & parasitic diseases was a consequence. • Disease epidemics much less likely among nomadic hunter-gatherers.
- 17. INDUSTRIAL CITIES • Morepeople brought into face-to-face contact and created 2 problems: • Supplying growing numbers of people with food & water. • Removal of wastes. •High infant mortality rates (41% of skeletons). •Low life expectancy @ birth (20 yrs) •Pop. could only maintained by migration from rural areas.
- 18. • Infectious diseasesstill major cause of death: •Smallpox •Plague •TB •Typhus •Child health declined •Poor nutrition
- 19. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL •— Intended to explain changes in pop. structure over time • — Stage 1: High fertility & high mortality • — Stage 2: High fertility & low mortality. • — Stage 3: Low fertility & low mortality • European mortality patterns begin to change mid 19th century. •Sharp drop in death from infectious diseases. •Rapid pop growth followed as birth rates exceeded death rates. •After period of time birth rates also dropped
- 22. • Causes ofmortality decline in stage 2 not due to medical advances. • Due instead to improvements in social & economic conditions – clean water, sewage disposal, better housing. • — Causes of fertility decline in stage 3 not so much due to reproductive technology but economic disincentives to raising numerous children in industrial society
- 23. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION • Examines/explainschanges in causes of mortality. • Contagious/infectious diseases – killed many more people in past. • Now in addition to remaining threat of such infectious epidemics, we have higher incidences of cardiovascular and degenerative diseases: • Diabetes • Arteriosclerosis • Hypertension • Heart attack • Strokes • Cancer. • Environmental risks – carcinogens, toxic/radioactive waste
- 24. THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION ABDELR. OMRAN — Five propositions 1. Mortality is fundamental factor in population dynamics. 2. Long term shift occurs in mortality & disease patterns – pandemics of infection are gradually displaced by degenerative & man-made diseases as chief form of morbidity & primary cause of death Three major successive stages of the epidemiologic transition: 1.Age of pestilence and famine 2.Age of receding pandemics 3.Age of degenerative and man-made diseases
- 25. • 3.During epidemiologictransition most profound changes in health & disease patterns occur among children & young women. • 4.Shifts in health & disease patterns that characterize epidemiologic transition are closely associated with demographic and socioeconomic transitions that constitute the modernization complex. • 5.Peculiar variations in pattern, pace, determinants, & consequences of population change differentiate 3 basic models of the epidemiologic transition: •classical or western model •accelerated model •delayed model
- 26. DISEASE, ILLNESS, SICKNESS----- •Disease:the medical conception of a pathological abnormality diagnosed by means of signs and symptoms •Illness: the subjective interpretation of problems that are perceived as health-related, i.e. the experience of symptoms
- 27. CONTINUED--- • Sickness: thesocial organization and performance of illness/disease, i.e. the “sick-role” • People feel ill (illness) - seek medical advice from doctor - diagnosis (disease) - treatment – legitimizes illness and role of patient (sickness/“sick-role”)
- 28. CONTINUED--- • One canbe ill/suffer from disease without adopting the sick role • Illness/disease involves suffering, but does not require complaint • Disease may exist without subjectively experienced symptoms, e.g. cancer in remission
- 29. HEALTH/DEFINITION/ • State ofharmony with nature and the environment • Absence of disease (medical definition) • Complete state of well-being • Functional adequacy • “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well- being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”(WHO)