Download as PDF, PPTX
Uploaded byMs. Ashatai Patil
Dental Products - Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
The document discusses dental products aimed at preventing dental caries and maintaining oral hygiene, including various classifications such as anticaries agents, cleaning agents, and desensitizing agents. Key components such as fluoride are highlighted for their role in strengthening teeth and preventing decay, while the effects of overdosing on fluoride are addressed. Additionally, it covers the uses and preparations of specific compounds used in dental practices, including zinc oxide eugenol cement and sodium fluoride.
More Related Content
Similar to Dental Products - Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
More from Ms. Ashatai Patil
Dental Products - Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
- 1. Shree WaranaVibhag ShikshanMandal's Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar Created By Miss. A. B. Patil M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) Assistant Professor 1
- 2. Introduction • Dental productsare those substances which prevent the dental caries, dental decay and give the freshness and cleanness to the mouth and teeth. In market it is mainly available in the form of toothpaste, tooth powder, mouthwash, tooth gel, dentifrice etc. • Dental Products are used to maintain the dental hygiene and to prevent the decay of tooth. It is well known that the cleaner teeth keep good health and clean teeth cannot decay. • In order to maintain dental hygiene numerous products are available in market. A large number of inorganic compounds is used in maintaining oral and dental hygiene.
- 3. Tooth Anatomy • Enamel:A white, hard calcified (consists primarily of calcium phosphate & calcium carbonate) tissue covering dentin to cover the tooth projecting above the gum. • Cementum: A layer covering the portion of tooth lying buried in the gum. • Dentin: That part of the tooth that is beneath enamel and cementum and surrounds the pulp cavity. • Vitamin A, C and D are all necessary for the proper tooth formation.
- 4. Classification • Anticaries agents:These are the agents which help in prevention of dental decay. e.g. Sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate. • Cleaning agents (Dentifrices/ Polishing agents): Dentifrices are agents used along with a toothbrush to clean and polish natural teeth. They are supplied in paste, powder, gel or liquid form. e.g., Calcium carbonate, Dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium metaphosphate • Desensitizing Agents: These reduce sensitivity of teeth to heat and cold. Examples include strontium chloride and zinc chloride. • Cement and fillers: Used to temporarily cover or protect the area that has undergone operation in dental surgery. e.g., Zinc eugenol cement. • Mouth washes: e.g . Chlorhexidine gluconate, potassium nitrate.
- 5. Anticaries Agents • Dentalcaries (tooth Decay) is defined as a progressive irreversible microbial disease affecting the hard parts of tooth leads to demineralization of inorganic constituents and dissolution of organic constituents there by producing dental cavity. • It involves a gradual demineralization (softening) of the enamel and dentin. • If it is not treated then microorganisms may invade the pulp, causing inflammation and infection. • Dental caries (tooth decay) is infectious disease, also called as dental plaque, in which acid formed by the action of oral microbial flora on carbohydrates. • Dental plaque is a bio-film or mass of bacteria that grows on surfaces within the mouth. • It is a sticky colorless deposit in starting, but it may often brown or pale yellow.
- 6. Anticaries Agents • AnticariesAgents: These are chemical compounds used to prevent the dental caries produced by the action of microorganism in the mouth leads to bad mouth odour. • There are mainly three types of anticaries agents A. Topical anticaries agent B. Immunological anticaries agent C. Systemic anticaries agent • The main % constituents of anticaries agent are 1. Chemicals 2. Fluorides 3. Mechanical tooth brush 4. Antimicrobial 5. Cellular
- 7. Anticaries Agents • Requirementsfor ideal of anticaries agents 1. It should have an acceptable taste 2. It should have degree of specificity 3. It should not produced local irritation 4. It should be destroyed or inactivated by GIT 5. It should be able to penetrate dense microbial plaque 6. Agent used for topical application should not produce toxic effect if swallowed accidently 7. It should be a bactericidal as contact time is less.
- 8. Anticaries Agents • Dentalcaries can be prevented and oral and dental hygiene can be maintained with the help of dentifrices. • Dentifrices are the products that enhance the removal of stain and dental plaque by the toothbrush. • The most accepted approach to prevent caries includes brushing accompanied by administration of fluoride either internally or topically to the teeth.
- 9. Anticaries Agents • Mechanismof action of Fluoride: • The deposited fluorides on the surface of teeth prevent the action of acids or enzymes in producing cavities. • Fluoride is anticariogenic as it replaces the hydroxyl ion in hydroxy apatite with the fluoride ion to form fluorapatite in the outer surface of the enamel. • Fluorapatite hardens the enamel and makes it more acid resistant. It is also possible that fluorides may possess some antibacterial activity and help in remineralization of enamel. • A trace of amount of fluoride in drinking water is enough to prevent dental caries.
- 10. Anticaries Agents Administration andEffects of over dose of Fluoride: • Fluoride can be administered by two routes, orally and topically. • Fluoride can be administered orally as sodium fluoride tablets or drops added in water or fruit juice. Fluoride when administered internally is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, partially deposited in the bone or developing teeth and the remainder gets excreted by the kidneys. • A small quantity (0.5 -1 ppm) of fluoride thus becomes necessary to prevent caries. However, if more quantity of fluoride (more than 2-3 ppm) is ingested it is carried to bones and teeth and gives rise to mottled enamel known as dental fluorosis.
- 11. Anticaries Agents • Personsreceiving slow continued ingestion of fluoride may suffer from mottling of teeth, increased density of bones, gastric disturbances, muscular weakness, convulsions and even heart failure. • Topical fluoride solution, mouthwashes and gels are less effective than orally administeredfluoride. Sodium fluoride tablets or solution of sodium fluoride in a dose 2.2 mg/day is generally • Ex- Sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, sodiummonofluorophosphate
- 12. Cleaning Agents(Dentifrices/ Polishingagents) • Dentifrices contain agents for cleaning tooth surfaces and providing polishing effect on the cleaned teeth. • These agents are abrasive in nature. • They are responsible for physically removing plaque and debris. • The overall effect provides whiteness to the teeth. • Dentifrices are applied as powders or pastes.
- 13. Cleaning Agents(Dentifrices/ Polishingagents) • The main drawback is that it will not be able to clean surfaces inside cavities and crevices between teeth, even if the material reaches them during application. • The cleaning actionis dependent upon abrasive property and the rubbing force used. • Pumice is too abrasive for daily use in a dentifrice. • Ex- Calcium carbonate, Dibasic calcium phosphate, calciumphosphate, sodium metaphosphate, calcium pyrophosphate
- 14. Desensitizing Agents • Desensitizingagents reduce the pain in sensitive teeth caused by cold, heat or touch. • These products should be non-abrasive and should not be used on a regular basis unless directed by a dentist. • The exact mechanism of action of desensiting agents is not known with certainty. • However they act probably like local anesthetic. • Ex- strontium chloride and zinc chloride.
- 15. Cement and fillers •Dental cement is used to temporarily or permanently cover protect areas that have undergone operation as in dental surgery. • The cementing material is applied as a paste, which gets hardened an a short while forming a protective layer. • After healing the operated tissue, the hardened cement can be removed by the dentist. • The temporary cement is also medicated, usually with eugenol, which is antiseptic and local anesthetic. • Ex- Zinc oxide eugenol cement.
- 16. Zinc oxide eugenolcement • Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) is a material formed by the combination of zinc oxide and eugenol contained in oil of cloves. • They are cements of low strength. Also, they are the least irritating of all dental cements and are known to have an obtundent effect on exposed dentin. • Classification: 1. Type I ZOE: For temporary cementation 2. Type II ZOE: Permanent Cementation 3. Type III ZOE: Temporary filling and thermal base 4. Type IV ZOE: Cavity Liners • ZOE cement is available as: 1. Powder and liquid 2. Paste system
- 17. Zinc oxide eugenolcement • Method of Preparation: • In the First Step Hydrolysis of Zinc Oxide to its hydroxide takes place. • Water isessential for the reaction (dehydrated zinc oxide will not react with dehydrated eugenol) ZnO + H2O → Zn (OH)2 • The reaction proceeds as a typical acid – base reaction Zn (OH)2 + 2HE → ZnE2 + 2H2O (Zinc hydroxide) (Eugenol) (Zinc eugenolate) • The Chelate formed is an amorphous gel that tends to crystallize imparting strength to the set mass
- 18. Zinc oxide eugenolcement • Structure of set cement: • The set cement consists of particles of zinc oxide embedded in a matrix of zinceugenolate. • Setting time is around 4-10min. • Uses: 1. Zinc oxide eugenol is used in temporary and permanent cementation and also used as pulp capping agent. 2. It is used to reduce pain sensation in teeth and also has anesthetic and anti bacterial activity
- 19. Sodium Fluoride • MolecularFormula: NaF • Molecular weight: 41.99 g/mol • Standards: Sodium fluoride contains not less than 98% and not more than 102% of sodium fluoride, calculated with reference to the dried substance. • Method of Preparation: • It may be prepared by neutralizing hydrofluoric acid with sodium carbonate. 2HF + Na2CO3 → 2NaF + H2O + CO2 • Another method includes the double decomposition of calcium fluoride with sodium carbonate wherein insoluble calcium carbonate can be removed by filtration. CaF + Na2CO3 → 2NaF + CaCO3
- 20. Sodium Fluoride • Properties: •A white powder or colourless crystals. Soluble in water practically, insoluble in ethanol (95 %) • Identification Tests: • 1 gm of sodium fluoride is placed in a platinum crucible in a well- ventilated hood. To this, 15 ml of sulfuric acid is added and covered with a piece of clean polished glass. • The crucible is heated on a water bath for an hour. After an hour the glass covered is removed and rinsed with water and wiped dry. It will be observed that the surface of glass has been etched.
- 21. Sodium Fluoride Uses: • Sodiumfluoride due to its fluoride ion is an important agent in dental practice for retarding • or preventing dental caries. • Fluoridised teeth have been resistant to microorganisms causingdental caries. • It also decreases microbial acid production. • Sodium fluoride in 2 % aqueous solution is widely used topically.
- 22. Sodium Fluoride Application: • 1.5to 3 ppm (equivalent to 0.7 to 1.3 ppm of fluoride ion) in drinking water; topically as a 2% solution to the teeth. Caution: • When consumed in larger doses, sodium fluoride is poisonous. High fluoride water greater than 3 ppm brings about mottling of teeth, gastric disturbances, etc. • Stiller larger doses may lead to systemic toxicities effecting central nervous, cardiovascular, musculo-skeletal and respiratory systems.
- 23. Dibasic calcium phosphate/Dicalcium Phosphate • It is also known as Dicalcium phosphate or Dicalcium orthophosphate or calcium hydrogen phosphate. It occurs as a dihydrate (CaHPO4.2H2O). • When exposed to air, it effloresces losing water to form anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate (CaHPO4). • In a very fine powder form, it finds use un dentifrices. It provides good flow properties and is odorless and tasteless.
- 24. Dibasic calcium phosphate/Dicalcium Phosphate • Method of Preparation: • It may be prepared by reacting neutral solution of calcium chloride with disodium hydrogen Phosphate CaCl2 + Na2HPO4 → CaHPO4 + 2NaCl
- 25. Dibasic calcium phosphate/Dicalcium Phosphate Uses: • This salt is having 1:1 ratio of calcium to phosphorus. It is most frequently recommended for oral administration as an electrolyte replenisher. • As a salt it is able to supply both calcium and phosphorus which is need for the growth in children and pregnant women's. • Externally it finds use as Dentifrice having cleaning action. • The moderate abrasive quality makes it suitable for toothpaste and tooth powders.
- 26. Zinc Chloride • MolecularFormula: ZnCl2 • Preparation: • It is prepared by heating granulated zinc with hydrochloric acid. When evolution of hydrogenceases, the solution is filtered and evaporated to dryness. Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
- 27. Zinc Chloride • Uses: •It is used as an antiseptic astringent to the skin and mucous membrane as a 0.5–2.0% solution. • It is used as an active ingredient to prepare magnesia cements for dental fillings and certain mouthwashes. • It is also used as dentin desensitizer, topically as a 10% solution to the teeth. • It is for topical use only and is administered as solution and mouthwash.
- 28.