Dessler ch 06-employee testing and selection

PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook
The University of West Alabama
1
Human Resource
Management
ELEVENTH EDITION
G A R Y D E S S L E R
www.ahmedtiger.weebly.com© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Employee Testing and Selection
Chapter 6
Part 2 | Recruitment and Placement

www.ahmedtiger.weebly.com© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 6–2
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Explain what is meant by reliability and validity.
2. Explain how you would go about validating a test.
3. Cite and illustrate our testing guidelines.
4. Give examples of some of the ethical and legal
considerations in testing.
5. List eight tests you could use for employee selection,
and how you would use them.
6. Explain the key points to remember in conducting
background investigations.

Why Careful Selection is Important
Organizational
Performance
Legal
Obligations and
Liability
The Importance of
Selecting the Right
Employees
Costs of
Recruiting and
Hiring

Avoiding Negligent Hiring Claims
• Carefully scrutinize information on employment
applications.
• Get written authorization for reference checks, and
check references.
• Save all records and information about the applicant.
• Reject applicants for false statements or conviction
records for offenses related to the job.
• Balance the applicant’s privacy rights with others’ “need
to know.”
• Take immediate disciplinary action if problems arise.

Basic Testing Concepts
• Reliability
 Consistency of scores obtained by the same person
when retested with identical or equivalent tests.
 Are test results stable over time?
• Validity
 Indicates whether a test is measuring what it is
supposed to be measuring.
 Does the test actually measure what it is intended to
measure?

FIGURE 6–1 Sample Picture Card from Thematic Apperception Test
Source: Reprinted by permission of the publishers from Henry A. Murray, THEMATIC
APPERCEPTION TEST, Plate 12F, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1943.

Types of Validity
Criterion
Validity
Content
Validity
Test
Validity
Face
Validity

How to Validate a Test
1
Relate Your Test Scores and Criteria: scores versus
actual performance
Choose the Tests: test battery or single test
Steps in Test Validation
Analyze the Job: predictors and criteria
Administer the Tests: concurrent or predictive validation
2
3
4
Cross-Validate and Revalidate: repeat Steps 3 and 4
with a different sample
5

FIGURE 6–2 Examples of Web Sites Offering Information
on Tests or Testing Programs
• www.hr-guide.com/data/G371.htm
Provides general information and sources for all types
of employment tests.
• http://buros.unl.edu/buros/jsp/search.jsp
Provides technical information on all types of
employment and nonemployment tests.
• www.ets.org/testcoll
Provides information on over 20,000 tests.
• www.kaplan.com
Information from Kaplan test preparation on how
various admissions tests work.
• www.assessments.biz
One of many firms offering employment tests.

FIGURE 6–3 Expectancy Chart
Note: This expectancy chart shows the
relation between scores made on the
Minnesota Paper Form Board and rated
success of junior draftspersons.
Example: Those who score between 37
and 44 have a 55% chance of being
rated above average and those scoring
between 57 and 64 have a 97% chance.

TABLE 6–1 Testing Program Guidelines
1. Use tests as supplements.
2. Validate the tests.
3. Monitor your testing/selection program.
4. Keep accurate records.
5. Use a certified psychologist.
6. Manage test conditions.
7. Revalidate periodically.

Test Takers’ Individual Rights and
Test Security
• Under the APA’s standard for educational and
psychological tests, test takers have the right:
 To privacy and information.
 To the confidentiality of test results.
 To informed consent regarding use of these results.
 To expect that only people qualified to interpret the
scores will have access to them.
 To expect the test is fair to all.

Legal Privacy Issues
• Defamation
 Libeling or slandering of employees or former
employees by an employer.
• Avoiding Employee Defamation Suits
1. Train supervisors regarding the importance of
employee confidentiality.
2. Adopt a “need to know” policy.
3. Disclose procedures impacting confidentially of
information to employees.

FIGURE 6–4 Sample Test
Source: Courtesy of NYT Permissions.

Using Tests at Work
• Major Types of Tests
 Basic skills tests
 Job skills tests
 Psychological tests
• Why Use Testing?
 Increased work demands = more testing
 Screen out bad or dishonest employees
 Reduce turnover by personality profiling

Computerized and Online Testing
• Online tests
 Telephone prescreening
 Offline computer tests
 Virtual “inbox” tests
 Online problem-solving tests
• Types of Tests
 Specialized work sample tests
 Numerical ability tests
 Reading comprehension tests
 Clerical comparing and checking tests

Types of Tests
Cognitive
(Mental)
Abilities
Achievement
Motor and
Physical
Abilities
Personality
and
Interests
What Tests
Measure

FIGURE 6–5 Type of Question Applicant Might Expect
on a Test of Mechanical Comprehension

FIGURE 6–6 Sample Personality Test Items
Source: Elaine Pulakos, Selection Assessment
Methods, SHRM Foundation, 2005, p. 9.
Reprinted by
permission of Society
for Human Resource
Management via Copyright
Clearance Center.

The “Big Five”
Extraversion
Emotional Stability/
Neuroticism
Agreeableness
Openness to
Experience
Conscientiousness

FIGURE 6–7 Example of a Work Sampling Question

Work Samples and Simulations
Work
Samples
Miniature
Job Training
and
Evaluation
Management
Assessment
Centers
Video-Based
Situational
Testing
Measuring Work
Performance Directly

TABLE 6–2 Evaluation of Assessment Methods on Four Key Criteria
Source: Elaine Pulakos, Selection Assessment Methods, SHRM Foundation, 2005, p. 17. Reprinted
by permission of Society for Human Resource Management via Copyright Clearance Center.
Assessment Method Validity Adverse Impact
Costs
(Develop/
Administer)
Applicant
Reactions
Cognitive ability tests High High (against minorities) Low/low Somewhat favorable
Job knowledge test High High (against minorities) Low/low More favorable
Personality tests Low to
moderate
Low Low/low Less favorable
Biographical data
inventories
Moderate Low to high for different types High/low Less favorable
Integrity tests Moderate
to high
Low Low/low Less favorable
Structured interviews High Low High/high More favorable
Physical fitness tests Moderate
to high
High (against females and
older workers)
High/high More favorable
Situational judgment tests Moderate Moderate (against minorities) High/low More favorable
Work samples High Low High/high More favorable
Assessment centers Moderate
to high
Low to moderate, depending
on exercise
Physical ability tests Moderate
to high
High (against females and
older workers)
Note: There was limited research evidence available on applicant reactions to situational judgment tests and physical ability tests. However,
because these tests tend to appear very relevant to the job, it is likely that applicant reactions to them would be favorable.

Background Investigations and
Reference Checks
• Investigations and Checks
 Reference checks
 Background employment checks
 Criminal records
 Driving records
 Credit checks
• Why?
 To verify factual information provided by applicants.
 To uncover damaging information.

FIGURE 6–8
Reference
Checking
Form
Source: Society for Human Resource
Management, © 2004. Reproduced with
permission of Society for Human Resource
Management in the Format Textbook via
Copyright Clearance Center.

Background Investigations and
Reference Checks (cont’d)
Former Employers
Current Supervisors
Written References
Social Networking Sites
Commercial Credit
Rating Companies
Sources of
Information

Limitations on Background Investigations
and Reference Checks
Background
Investigations
and
Reference Checks
Supervisor
Reluctance
Employer
Guidelines
Legal
Issues:
Privacy
Legal
Issues:
Defamation

Making Background Checks More Useful
1. Include on the application form a statement for
applicants to sign explicitly authorizing a
background check.
2. Use telephone references if possible.
3. Be persistent in obtaining information.
4. Use references provided by the candidate as
a source for other references.
5. Ask open-ended questions to elicit more
information from references.

Using Preemployment Information Services
1
Notice of adverse action to applicant/employee
Employer certification to reporting agency
Acquisition and Use of Background Information
Disclosure to and authorization by applicant/employee
Providing copies of reports to applicant/employee
2
3
4

TABLE 6–3 Collecting Background Information
Suggestions for collecting background information include the following:
1. Check all applicable state laws.
2. Review the impact of federal equal employment laws.
3. Remember the Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act.
4. Do not obtain information that you’re not going to use.
5. Remember that using arrest information will be highly suspect.
6. Avoid blanket policies (such as “we hire no one with a record of workers’ compensation claims”).
7. Use information that is specific and job related.
8. Keep information confidential and up to date.
9. Never authorize an unreasonable investigation.
10. Make sure you always get at least two forms of identification from the applicant.
11. Always require applicants to fill out a job application.
12. Compare the application to the résumé (people tend to be more imaginative on their résumés
than on their application forms, where they must certify the information).
13. Particularly for executive candidates, include background checks of such things as involvement
in lawsuits, and of articles about the candidate in local or national newspapers.
14. Separate the tasks of (1) hiring and (2) doing the background check (a recruiter or supervisor
anxious to hire someone may cut corners when investigating the candidate’s background).
Source: Adapted from Jeffrey M. Hahn, “Pre-Employment Services: Employers Beware?” Employee Relations Law Journal 17, no. 1
(Summer 1991), pp. 45–69; and Shari Caudron, “Who Are You Really Hiring?”, Workforce, 81, no. 12 (November 2002), pp. 28–32.

The Polygraph and Honesty Testing
• Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988
 Generally prohibits polygraph examinations by all
private employers unless:
 The employer has suffered an economic loss or injury.
 The employee in question had access to the property.
 There is a reasonable prior suspicion.
 The employee is told the details of the investigation, as well
as questions to be asked on the polygraph test itself.
 Exceptions:
 Private security employees
 Employees with access to drugs
 National defense and security (FBI, DOE, and DOJ)

Honesty Testing Programs:
What Employers Can Do
• Antitheft Screening Procedure:
 Ask blunt questions.
 Listen, rather than talk.
 Do a credit check.
 Check all employment and personal references.
 Use paper-and-pencil honesty tests and
psychological tests.
 Test for drugs.
 Establish a search-and-seizure policy and conduct
searches.

FIGURE 6–9 Handwriting Exhibit Used by Graphologist
Source: Kathryn Sackhein, Handwriting Analysis and the Employee
Selection Process (New York: Quorum Books, 1990), p. 45.
Reproduced with permission of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.

Physical Examination
• Reasons for preemployment medical
examinations:
 To verify that the applicant meets the physical
requirements of the position.
 To discover any medical limitations to be taken into
account in placing the applicant.
 To establish a record and baseline of the applicant’s
health for future insurance or compensation claims.
 To reduce absenteeism and accidents.
 To detect communicable diseases that may be
unknown to the applicant.

Substance Abuse Screening
• Types of Screening
 Before formal hiring
 After a work accident
 Presence of obvious behavioral symptoms
 Random or periodic basis
 Transfer or promotion to new position
• Types of Tests
 Urinalysis
 Hair follicle testing

Substance Abuse Screening (cont’d)
Safety:
Impairment vs.
Presence
Recreational
Use vs.
Addiction
Americans with
Disabilities Act
Drug Free
Workplace Act
of 1988
Intrusiveness of
Procedures
Accuracy of
Tests
Ethical
and Legal
Issues

FIGURE 6–10 Procedure in Complying with Immigration Law
1. Hire only citizens and aliens lawfully authorized to work in the
United States.
2. Advise all new job applicants of your policy.
3. Require all new employees to complete and sign the verification
form (the “I-9 form”) designated by the Immigration and
Naturalization Service (INS) to certify that they are eligible for
employment.
4. Examine documentation presented by new employees, record
information about the documents on the verification form, and
sign the form.
5. Retain the form for three years or for one year past the
employment of the individual, whichever is longer.
6. If requested, present the form for inspection by INS or
Department of Labor officers. No reporting is required.

Improving Productivity Through HRIS: Comprehensive
Automated Applicant Tracking and Screening Systems
“Knock out”
applicants who
do not meet job
requirements
Can match
“hidden talents”
of applicants to
available
openings
Benefits of Applicant
Tracking Systems
Allow employers
to extensively test
and screen
applicants online

FIGURE 6–11 Checklist: What to Look for in an Applicant Tracking System (ATS)
The employer thinking of adopting an ATS should seek one that meets several
minimum functionality requirements. Among other things, the ATS should be:
• Easy to use.
• Capable of being integrated into the company’s existing HRIS platform, so that, for
instance, data on a newly hired candidate can flow seamlessly into the HRIS
payroll system.
• Able to capture, track, and report applicant EEO data.
• Able to provide employee selection performance metrics reports, including “time to
fill,” “cost to hire,” and “applicant source statistics.”
• Able to facilitate scheduling and tracking of candidate interviews, email
communications, and completed forms, including job offers.
• Able to provide automated screening and ranking of candidates based upon job
skill profiles.
• Able to provide an internal job posting service that supports applications from
current employees and employee referral programs.
• Able to cross-post jobs to commercial job boards such as www.monster.com.
• Able to integrate the ATS job board with your company’s own Web site, for
instance, by linking it to your site’s “careers” section.
• Able to provide for requisition creation and signoff approvals.

K E Y T E R M S
negligent hiring
reliability
test validity
criterion validity
content validity
expectancy chart
interest inventory
work samples
work sampling technique
management assessment center
situational test
video-based simulation
miniature job training and evaluation

Dessler ch 06-employee testing and selection

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