![2.THE BANK OF CHINA TOWER
Introduction
Chinese architects have also made a dent. The Bank of China Tower was designed by American architect
IM Pei of Chinese origin and is one of the most recognizable buildings in Hong Kong
The building; highest point is at 288 meters, the last terrace at 305 meters and then has two masts that
reach the maximum height of 367.4 meters.
It was built in 1989 and is located near the Central MTR station. It was the tallest building in Asia until the
year 1992, and was the first built outside the United States in overcoming the height of the 305 meters.
The building consists of four triangular towers of glass and aluminum, all of varying heights, emerging from
a triumphal podium of beautiful granite. Geometric changes that occur as the building rises into the sky
are the most intriguing aspect of the tower. The sharp angles and points of interest make an appearance
– a contrast with flat architecture that dominates the city – silver reflective glass used in the tower creates
items that reflect the light on sunny days and at night, when Hong Kong is radiant with all kinds of artificial
light.
Situation
The Tower is located at No. 1 Garden Road, in the Western district of Hong Kong, PRC.
Concept
Graceful, concise and structurally expressive.
Its triangular structure of glass and aluminum evokes shoots of bamboo leaves, which represent prosperity
in China and the sustenance of life.
Designed by Pritzker Prize-winning architect I. M. Pei, the building is 315.0 m (1,033.5 ft) high with two masts
reaching 367.4 m (1,205.4 ft) high. The 72-storey building is located near Central MTR station. This was the
tallest building in Hong Kong and Asia from 1990 to 1992, the first building outside the United States to
break the 305 m (1,000 ft) mark, and the first composite space frame high-rise building. That also means it
was the tallest outside the United States from its completion year, 1990. It is now the fourth tallest skyscraper
in Hong Kong, after International Commerce Centre, Two International Finance Centre and Central Plaza.
A small observation deck on the 43rd floor of the building was once open to the public,[9] but is now
closed.
The whole structure is supported by the four steel columns at the corners of the building, with the triangular
frameworks transferring the weight of the structure onto these four columns. It is covered with glass curtain
walls.
While its distinctive look makes it one of Hong Kong's most identifiable landmarks today, it was the source
of some controversy at one time, as the bank is the only major building in Hong Kong to have bypassed
the convention of consulting with feng shui masters on matters of design prior to construction.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ap325work2bydevagyagandhiof3-b1-220130000255/85/DETAILED-REPORT-ON-ALUMINIUM-USAGE-AS-BUILDING-MATERIAL-IN-5-BUILDINGS-9-320.jpg)
DETAILED REPORT ON ALUMINIUM USAGE AS BUILDING MATERIAL IN 5 BUILDINGS.
- 2. Aluminum: A Building Material As early as the 1900’s, aluminum has been used in the construction industry. However it was not until the 1920’s, when the electrolysis process reduced the cost to produce aluminum by 80%, that aluminum became widely used in building construction. One of the most recognizable buildings in the world, the Empire State Building which was constructed in 1931, utilized aluminum in all of its basic structures and even on the famous Spire. Aluminum can also be found throughout the famous New York Skyscraper’s interior, most notably, on the lobby’s ceiling and walls. In 1993, the Empire State Building underwent a giant makeover resulting in even more aluminum: all 6,514 of the building’s windows had their iron frames replaced more efficient and lighter weight aluminum frames. Fast forward to modern day, and nearly a quarter of all aluminum produced in the world is used in the construction industry. What Makes Aluminum So Valuable in Construction? A light-weight and strong metal with natural corrosion resistance, aluminum is the third most abundant element on Earth. With additional properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio, durability, machinability, and reflectivity, aluminum alloys have become a building material of choice for applications such as siding material, roofing material, gutters and downspouts, window trim, architectural details, and even structural support for grid shell style architecture, drawbridges, high-rise buildings and skyscrapers. With aluminum, such as aluminum alloy 6061, it is possible to create structures that cannot be produced using other building materials such as wood, plastic or steel. Finally, aluminum is soundproof and airtight. Because of this feature, aluminum extrusions are commonly used as window and door frames. The aluminum frames allow for an exceptionally tight seal. Dust, air, water, and sound are unable to penetrate doors and windows when they are closed. Therefore, aluminum has cemented itself as a highly valuable building material in the modern construction industry.
- 3. Skyscrapers are, no doubt, Aluminium's business card in modern architecture. Their floor-to- floor glass walls or translucent panes represent a combination of glass and Aluminium frames. They are in universal use worldwide as they make it possible to create a building that is much more energy-efficient from an economic point of view and can significantly reduce CO2 emissions. An all glass external area on a building makes it possible to let much more sunlight in and reduce the use of artificial lighting. But even more energy is saved on heating and air conditioning. Unlike common glass, which conducts heat both ways without hindrance, glass for translucent panes features low thermal conductivity (U-Value): it reflects solar heat in summer and does not let heat out of the building in winter. the Empire State Building, the iron frames of all 6,514 windows were replaced with Aluminium frames in 1993 as part of the legendary skyscraper conversion program. The new windows make up 30% of the building surface, thus ensuring a 16% saving in energy consumed annually. In 2012, Siemens opened the Crystal Centre for Sustainable Urban Development in London. The Centre's building was designed with the application of Aluminium faces and the latest energy-saving construction techniques, and it became the only structure worldwide to receive both the top LEED and BREEAM ratings– the two most widespread systems for assessing buildings according to environmental impact. Crystal consumes 46% less electricity and generates 65% less carbon dioxide than any other office building comparable in size.
- 5. DESIGNE: The original plan of the building was 50 stories, but was later increased to 60 and then 80 stories. Height restrictions were placed on nearby buildings to ensure that the top fifty floors of the planned 80-story, 1,000-foot-tall (300 m) building would have unobstructed views of the city. The New York Times lauded the site's proximity to mass transit, with the Brooklyn– Manhattan Transit's 34th Street station and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad's 33rd Street terminal one block away, as well as Penn Station two blocks away and the Grand Central Terminal nine blocks away at its closest. It also praised the 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) of proposed floor space near "one of the busiest sections in the world". While plans for the Empire State Building were being finalized, an intense competition in New York for the title of "world's tallest building" was underway. 40 Wall Street (then the Bank of Manhattan Building) and the Chrysler Building in Manhattan both vied for this distinction and were already under construction when work began on the Empire State Building. The "Race into the Sky", as popular media called it at the time, was representative of the country's optimism in the 1920s, fueled by the building boom in major cities. The race was defined by at least five other proposals, although only the Empire State Building would survive the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The 40 Wall Street tower was revised, in April 1929, from 840 feet (260 m) to 925 feet (282 m) making it the world's tallest. The Chrysler Building added its 185-foot (56 m) steel tip to its roof in October 1929, thus bringing it to a height of 1,046 feet (319 m) and greatly exceeding the height of 40 Wall Street. The Chrysler Building's developer, Walter Chrysler, realized that his tower's height would exceed the Empire State Building's as well, having instructed his architect, William Van Alen, to change the Chrysler's original roof from a stubby Romanesque dome to a narrow steel spire. Raskob, wishing to have the Empire State Building be the world's tallest, reviewed the plans and had five floors added as well as a spire; however, the new floors would need to be set back because of projected wind pressure on the extension. On November 18, 1929, Smith acquired a lot at 27–31 West 33rd Street, adding 75 feet (23 m) to the width of the proposed office building's site. Two days later, Smith announced the updated plans for the skyscraper. The plans included an observation deck on the 86th-floor roof at a height of 1,050 feet (320 m), higher than the Chrysler's 71st-floor observation deck.
- 7. Steel structure A worker bolts beams during construction; the Chrysler Building can be seen in the background. A structural steel contract was awarded on January 12, 1930, with excavation of the site beginning ten days later on January 22, before the old hotel had been completely demolished. Two twelve-hour shifts, consisting of 300 men each, worked continuously to dig the 55-foot (17 m) foundation. Small pier holes were sunk into the ground to house the concrete footings that would support the steelwork. Excavation was nearly complete by early March, and construction on the building itself started on March 17,with the builders placing the first steel columns on the completed footings before the rest of the footings had been finished.Around this time, Lamb held a press conference on the building plans. He described the reflective steel panels parallel to the windows, the large-block Indiana Limestone facade that was slightly more expensive than smaller bricks, and the building's vertical lines. Four colossal columns, intended for installation in the center of the building site, were delivered; they would support a combined 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) when the building was finished. The structural steel was pre-ordered and pre-fabricated in anticipation of a revision to the city's building code that would have allowed the Empire State Building's structural steel to carry 18,000 pounds per square inch (120,000 kPa), up from 16,000 pounds per square inch (110,000 kPa), thus reducing the amount of steel needed for the building. Although the 18,000-psi regulation had been safely enacted in other cities, Mayor Jimmy Walker did not sign the new codes into law until March 26, 1930, just before construction was due to commence. The first steel framework was installed on April 1, 1930. From there, construction proceeded at a rapid pace; during one stretch of 10 working days, the builders erected fourteen floors. This was made possible through precise coordination of the building's planning, as well as the mass production of common materials such as windows and spandrels. On one occasion, when a supplier could not provide timely delivery of dark Hauteville marble, Starrett switched to using Rose Famosa marble from a German quarry that was purchased specifically to provide the project with sufficient marble.
- 8. The main entrance, composed of three sets of metal doors, is at the center of the Fifth Avenue facade, flanked by molded piers that are topped with eagles. Above the main entrance is a transom, a triple-height transom window with geometric patterns, and the golden letters empire state above the fifth-floor windows. There are two entrances each on 33rd and 34th Streets, with modernistic, stainless steel canopies projecting from the entrances on 33rd and 34th Streets there. Above the secondary entrances are triple windows, less elaborate in design than those on Fifth Avenue. The storefronts on the first floor contain aluminum-framed doors and windows within a black granite cladding. The second through fourth stories consist of windows alternating with wide stone piers and narrower stone mullions. The fifth story contains windows alternating with wide and narrow mullions, and is topped by a horizontal stone sill. The facade of the tower stories is split into several vertical bays on each side, with windows projecting slightly from the limestone cladding. The bays are arranged into sets of one, two, or three windows on each floor. The windows in each bay are separated by vertical nickel- chrome steel mullions and connected by horizontal aluminum spandrels on each floor. Structural features The riveted steel frame of the building was originally designed to handle all of the building's gravitational stresses and wind loads. The amount of material used in the building's construction resulted in a very stiff structure when compared to other skyscrapers, with a structural stiffness of 42 pounds per square foot (2.0 kPa) versus the Willis Tower's 33 pounds per square foot (1.6 kPa) and the John Hancock Center's 26 pounds per square foot (1.2 kPa). A December 1930 feature in Popular Mechanics estimated that a building with the Empire State's dimensions would still stand even if hit with an impact of 50 short tons (45 long tons). Utilities are grouped in a central shaft. On the 6th through 86th stories, the central shaft is surrounded by a main corridor on all four sides. As per the final specifications of the building, the corridor is surrounded in turn by office space 28 feet (8.5 m) deep, maximizing office space at a time before air conditioning became commonplace. Each of the floors has 210 structural columns that pass through it, which provide structural stability, but limits the amount of open space on these floors. However, the relative dearth of stone in the building allows for more space overall, with a 1:200 stone-to-building ratio in the Empire State compared to a 1:50 ratio in similar buildings. Facade The Empire State Building's art deco design is typical of pre–World War II architecture in New York. The facade is clad in Indiana limestone panels sourced from the Empire Mill in Sanders, Indiana, which give the building its signature blonde color. According to official fact sheets, the facade uses 200,000 cubic feet (5,700 m3) of limestone and granite, ten million bricks, and 730 short tons (650 long tons) of aluminum and stainless steel. The building also contains 6,514 windows.
- 9. 2.THE BANK OF CHINA TOWER Introduction Chinese architects have also made a dent. The Bank of China Tower was designed by American architect IM Pei of Chinese origin and is one of the most recognizable buildings in Hong Kong The building; highest point is at 288 meters, the last terrace at 305 meters and then has two masts that reach the maximum height of 367.4 meters. It was built in 1989 and is located near the Central MTR station. It was the tallest building in Asia until the year 1992, and was the first built outside the United States in overcoming the height of the 305 meters. The building consists of four triangular towers of glass and aluminum, all of varying heights, emerging from a triumphal podium of beautiful granite. Geometric changes that occur as the building rises into the sky are the most intriguing aspect of the tower. The sharp angles and points of interest make an appearance – a contrast with flat architecture that dominates the city – silver reflective glass used in the tower creates items that reflect the light on sunny days and at night, when Hong Kong is radiant with all kinds of artificial light. Situation The Tower is located at No. 1 Garden Road, in the Western district of Hong Kong, PRC. Concept Graceful, concise and structurally expressive. Its triangular structure of glass and aluminum evokes shoots of bamboo leaves, which represent prosperity in China and the sustenance of life. Designed by Pritzker Prize-winning architect I. M. Pei, the building is 315.0 m (1,033.5 ft) high with two masts reaching 367.4 m (1,205.4 ft) high. The 72-storey building is located near Central MTR station. This was the tallest building in Hong Kong and Asia from 1990 to 1992, the first building outside the United States to break the 305 m (1,000 ft) mark, and the first composite space frame high-rise building. That also means it was the tallest outside the United States from its completion year, 1990. It is now the fourth tallest skyscraper in Hong Kong, after International Commerce Centre, Two International Finance Centre and Central Plaza. A small observation deck on the 43rd floor of the building was once open to the public,[9] but is now closed. The whole structure is supported by the four steel columns at the corners of the building, with the triangular frameworks transferring the weight of the structure onto these four columns. It is covered with glass curtain walls. While its distinctive look makes it one of Hong Kong's most identifiable landmarks today, it was the source of some controversy at one time, as the bank is the only major building in Hong Kong to have bypassed the convention of consulting with feng shui masters on matters of design prior to construction.
- 10. Structure The Tower is composed of four towers of triangular shape that evoke the bamboo leaves, Chinese symbol of prosperity and livelihood. The whole structure is supported by five steel columns, four in the corners of the building and one in the center, which together bear the weight and forces. The towers are lifted to different heights and the loads of the central column are directed to those found in the corners, forming a triangular frame. This allows the architect to design a lighter structure, because the diagonal elements required are less important, while the three- dimensional internal structure provides a clear floor that allows for future changes in the disposition of their use, thus saving energy and resources. Materials The main structural elements are the vertical and horizontal steel members. Reinforced concrete also plays a role. The entire building is covered with silver-blue reflective glass framed in aluminum. Such a skin not only reflects the changing images of the sky and the city, but it also absorbs sunlight so that energy consumption for lighting and heating costs are reduced. The base of the four towers is granite.
- 12. DESIGNE OF THE STRUCTURE: The interior derives its character from the accumulation of rounded plateaus on long columns. The repetition of curves, enhanced by coiled strip lighting in the ceilings of the platforms, gives the interior its distinctive character. Four stacked program clusters, each encompassing three storeys and containing public plateaus, are linked to the central void. This organisation propels a fluent upstream flow of people through the building, from the ground floor atrium to the roof terrace. As the plateaus are positioned in a rotational manner in space, they enable the central space to encompass way finding, vertical circulation, orientation and act as main attractor of the department store. The spatial and visual connections within the space are designed to generate a lively and stimulating environment, in which the user is central. From the exterior, the Galleria boasts a dynamic double layered facade intended to stimulate use experience. The skin is articulated in a trompe l’oeuil pattern of vertical mullions making the building vertually scale-less as the structure provides no hint as to how many stories it contains. On the inside, this play with scale and dimension is continued in a way that is at least as radical as the outside. Upon entering, the department store is revealed as a layered and varied space which encourages investigation and unfolds as you move through and up the building. ”The most interesting thing to me about the effect of the Galleria Cheonan is that, because of the orgnisation of the atrium and the moiré treatment of the facade, Illusions are created which result in the seeming alteration of scales and the creation of double images. No image is permanent in this building,” added van Berkel.
- 13. ALUMINIUME CLICK PROFILES USED FOR THE FAÇADE OF THE STRUCTURE TO GIVE IT A KINETIC TYPE DESIGNE.
- 14. 4.RHIKE PARK, MUSIC THEATRE AND EXHIBITION HALL / STUDIO FUKSAS PROJECT DESCRIPTION FROM STUDIO FUKSAS: The project site is located inside the green area called Rhike Park, in Tbilisi, Georgia. The site is relatively flat and the level differences don’t exceed two meters to the longitudinal section or a 1.5% slope. The area is closed by two different track roads. The building consists of two different soft shaped elements that are connected as a unique body at the retaining wall. The two parts are clearly recognizable from the outside. Every elements has his own function: The Musical Theatre and the Exhibition Hall. The north part of the building contains the Musical Theatre Hall (566 seats), the foyer and several facilities, together with technical spaces for theatre machinery and storage. The Exhibition Hall opens his great entrance with a ramp that brings visitors from the street level. The Music Theatre Hall, on the contrary, soars from the ground and allows the users staying in the foyer and in the cafeteria to have a view to the river and the skyline of the city. The design concept wants to reflect the changes and the renovations that are acting in Tbilisi. This effort is achieved using innovative shapes to house classic programs like the Musical Theatre Hall and Exhibition Hall. The connection to the city is a key aspect of the design. The building’s primary entrance is located on the Rhike Park area, following the main flows that arrives from the Bridge of the Peace and from the underground parking. The Exhibition Hall follows the flow direction and opens its entrance to receive the visitors from the park. It is a periscope to the city and looks towards the river framing the historic core of the Old Tbilisi.
- 15. RHIKE PARK, MUSIC THEATRE AND EXHIBITION HALL / STUDIO FUKSAS
- 17. PLAN AND SECTION
- 18. 5.NANTONG PUBLIC CULTURAL CENTER: In October 2020, Nantong Development Zone Public Culture Center was finally completed and opened after three years of design and construction. The total construction area of the Cultural Center is about 32,000 square meters, of which the ground area is 25,000 square meters. It consists of three functions: library (10,000 square meters), cultural center (10,000 square meters), and archives (5,000 square meters). The base is located in the core plot of Nengda Business District of Nantong Development Zone, covering an area of about 35,000 square meters. The north is adjacent to Chengxing Road, an urban arterial road. The east and west are adjacent to the city branch road, Changyuan Road and Long Road, and it connects to Nengda Central Park on the south side. It is the intersection of the central axis of the business district and the ecological landscape axis. Then, through a series of techniques of “introduction, extension, and unfolding”, the building extends naturally and forms a state of mutual integration and penetration with the city and nature.
- 19. We used a folding screen-printed glass and aluminiume curtain wall on the “Urban Giant Curtain” on the south façade that unfolded facing the lake. Through the three- dimensional combination of triangles, combined with the white feather pattern screen-printed glass alternated with transparent glass, the visual effect of wings stretched and layered is formed. At the same time, it creates a hazy beauty of light and dark looming. Outside the glass and aluminiume curtain wall, the design adopts the technique of a three-dimensional louver. While reducing the building’s energy consumption, three- dimensional cut multi-faceted louvers create a rich light and shadow effect and a vivid surface rhythm. Not only that, we perforated the white feather pattern on the three-dimensional louvers. While echoing the theme, it increases the delicate level of the building’s close-to- human scale, combined with the design of internal lighting, to form a unique and cultural night scene effect.
- 22. ALL ELEVATIONS