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Diamond as a gemstone
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- 2. Contents • Introduction • Classificationof Diamond • Physical Properties of Diamond • Optical Properties of Diamond • Distinguish Properties • Diamond Cutting • Genesis of Diamond • Diamond in India • World occurrence of Diamond • Conclusion • References
- 3. Introduction • Diamond isa rare, naturally-occurring gemstone composed of carbon.
- 5. Introduction Diamond is arare, naturally-occurring gemstone composed of carbon. Each carbon atom in a diamond is surrounded by four other carbon atoms and connected to them by strong covalent bonds. • It is chemically resistant and it is the hardest known natural substance.
- 6. Classification of Diamond Diamond Type-I Consist of nitrogen atoms in varying proportion Type- II
- 7. Classification of Diamond Diamond Type-I Type- Ia Type- Ib Nitrogen content 0.1% i.e. 1:1000 atoms Nitrogen content very less i.e. 1:1.000,000 atoms Type- II
- 8. Classification of Diamond Diamond Type-I Type- Ia Type- Ib Type- IaA Type- IaB •Wherein along with the platelets. •nitrogen occurs as pairs of atoms. •Nitrogen forms larger clusters •containing an even number of atoms. Type- II
- 9. Classification of Diamond Diamond Type-I Type- II Type- Ia Type- Ib Type- IaA Type- IaB Do not have significant amount of nitrogen. Consist of boron in the lattice. Thermal conductivity is about three times that of type I.
- 10. Classification of Diamond Diamond Type-I Type- II Type- Ia Type- Ib Type- IIa Type- IaA Type- IaB Paucity of both nitrogen and boron. Enhanced optical and thermal properties. Type- IIb
- 11. Classification of Diamond Diamond Type-I Type- II Type- Ia Type- Ib Type- IIa Type- IIb Type- IaA Type- IaB Presence of boron atoms in solid solution. Extremely rare in nature.
- 12. Classification of Diamond Diamond Type-I Type- II Type- Ia Type- Ib Type- IIa Type- IIb Type- IaA Type- IaB
- 13. Physical Properties of Diamond CleavagePerfect 4 Set octahedral Colour Colourless, White, Gray, Black, Blue Specific Gravity 3.5 - 3.53, Average = 3.51 Diaphaneity Transparent to Sub-transparent to translucent Fracture Conchoidal Habit well-formed crystals showing good external form Hardness 10 Luster Adamantine Streak colorless Chemical Formula C
- 14. Optical Properties of Diamond TypeIsotropic Refractive Index 2.418 Birefringence None Pleochroism None Dispersion High, 0.044 Surface Relief Moderate
- 15. DISTIGUISHING PROPERTIES OFNATURAL DIAMOND AND SYNTHETIC DIAMOND (CUBIC ZIRCONIA) NATURAL DIAMOND Specific gravity is 3.52 High thermal conductivity Transparent to X-rays SYNTHETIC VARIETY (CUBIC ZIRCONIA) Here it is 4.55 to 7.05 more heavier than natural ones Low thermal conductivity Less transparent and leaves a marked impression
- 16. Breath test:- themist created by breathing on gem diamond clears faster than other stimulants. Sticky test:- diamond sticks to fingers better than other stones which fall when attempted to pick up by moistened fingers. Droplet test:- a drop of water on a thoroughly cleaned surface of a diamond remains as a high domed globule whereas in stimulants it spreads faster. MISSCELANEOUS TEST
- 17. Diamond Anatomy • Adiamond is comprised of five main components: Table Crown Girdle Pavilion Culet
- 18. • One ofthe most defining characteristics of a diamond is its cut. • An expertly cut diamond will achieve high levels of brilliance, sparkle, and durability. • Even if a diamond is graded well in other areas, a poor cut can result in a dull, muted effect. Diamond Cutting
- 19. Diamond Cutting Aparticular proportion of cutting is essential to bring about brilliance in a stone. It is emphasized into two aspects Ratio of proportion of crown and pavilion Angle of cut on crown and pavilion facets w.r.t girdle Depending on critical angle a stone is cut at a particular angle to obtain total internal reflection so that light refracted into a stone is completely thrown back like a mirror, this aspect is illustrated taking diamond as an example provided below:
- 20. Genesis of Diamond Diamonds form about 100 miles below the Earth's surface. In order for a diamond to be created, carbon must be placed under at least 435,113 pounds per square inch of pressure at a temperature of at least 752 degrees Fahrenheit (400 Celsius). If conditions drop below either of these two points, graphite will be created.
- 21. Genesis of Diamond Fourprocesses are thought to be responsible for virtually all of the natural diamonds that have been found at or near Earth's surface. One of these processes accounts for nearly 100% of all diamonds that have ever been mined. The remaining three are insignificant sources of commercial diamonds.
- 22. 1) Deep SourceEruptions Most commercial diamond deposits are thought to have formed when a deep-source volcanic eruption delivered diamonds to the surface. In these eruptions magma travels rapidly from deep within the mantle, often passing through a diamond stability zone on its route to the surface. Pieces of rock from the diamond stability zone may be torn free and carried rapidly upwards to the surface. These pieces of rock are known as "xenoliths" and may contain diamonds.
- 23. Continue…. Most diamondsthat we see today were formed millions of years ago. Powerful magma eruptions brought the diamonds to the surface, creating kimberlite pipes (named after Kimberly, South Africa).
- 24. 2) Subduction ZoneDiamonds Diamonds have been found in rocks that are thought to have been subducted and then returned to the surface. These types of rocks are very rare and no known commercial diamond deposits have been developed within them. The diamonds found in these types of deposits have been very small and not suitable for commercial use.
- 25. 3) Asteroid ImpactDiamonds Diamonds have been found in and around the craters of asteroid impact sites. These asteroids hit with such force that pressures and temperatures high enough to form diamonds are produced. If the target rock contains carbon the conditions needed to form diamonds might occur within the impact area. These types of diamonds are rare and do not play an important role in commercial diamond mining.
- 26. 4) Diamonds Formedin Space • Diamonds have been discovered in some meteorites. These diamonds are thought to have formed in space in response to asteroid impacts.
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- 28. Panna Mine, MadhyaPradesh
- 29. World occurrence ofDiamond Diamonds are mostly found in Africa, India, Russia (Siberia), South America, Australia, China, and Canada. A good sign that diamonds are in the area is where kimberlite rock is found.
- 30. CONCLUSION Compared tomost other gem- minerals, the percentage of gem quality crystals is quite high in diamond. Kimberlite, lamproite and eclogate are the major sources of diamond. About 20% of diamonds recovered is of gem quality. The other 80% is been used as industrial diamonds. Its high hardness, fire ,adamantine lustre, brilliance have made Diamond most valuable gem mineral. So if our country have more diamond deposits, we can make our country more prosperous.
- 31. R.V. Karanth(2000), Gems and Gem Industry In India, GSI, Pp 165-197 Cornelis(2002) Klein & Barbara Dutrow, Mineral Science(after James D. Dana), John Wiley & Son INC, Pp 557-558. T.M. Babu (1998),, Diamonds in India, GSI, Pp 45,92-94. www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Ariane-26975-Diamond-Diamondat- glance-HISTORY-DIAMONDS-Early-Middle-Ages-Recent-Times-as- Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ www.minerals.net/gemstone/diamond_gemstone.aspx http://geology.com/minerals/diamond.shtml References