Diglossia

Diglossia

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  History of Diglossia Charles A.Ferguson (1959) Diglossia is relatively stable language . Language situation , in which in the addition of primary dialect . Of the language there is a divergent highly codified superposed variety which is learn largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purpose . The term diglossia was introduced into the English language literature On sociolinguistic By Charles A. Ferguson (1959). In order to describe the situation found in places like Greece , the Arabic-speaking world In general ,German speaking Switzerland and the island of Haiti –a list which can easily be extended (A . Hudson 1994) 2
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  Fishman(1980) Diglossia is enduringsocietal arrangement , and extending at least beyond A three generation period such as two language each have their secure phenomenologically legitimate and widely implemented functions . E.g. in Fishman‘s usage even multilingual countries such as Nigeria where English language is nation wide prestige language which is learnt in school and local language such as Hausa Yoruba are spoken natively as described as being diglossic . 3
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  Diglossia is akind of situation where two variation of language Happens in same time Its not a dialect. If a language is dialect that language will not be called diglossia . 4
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  Variation of Diglossia 5
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  FUNCTION OF DIGLOSSIA Standard(High) Non-Standard (Low) Sermon Instruction of servants Speech of Parliament Conversation with friends University Lecture Conversation in tea-stall Newspapers Editorial Conversation With Children Serious work in literature 6
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  Formal & InformalEnglish  Formal English is used in ―serious‖ texts and situations — for example, in official documents, books, news reports, articles, business letters or official speeches.  Informal English is used in everyday conversations and in personal letters. 7
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  Methodology 1. Face toface discussion . 2.Collect Our data to speaking with them . 3.Analysis data from conversation . 4. Discussion with Salesman . 5.Discussion with student .
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  Prestige Prestige Speakers considerHigh as the more powerful to Low in a number of respects. E.g. High variety is more beautiful, logical and expressive than the Low variety. 9
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  Acquisition Low is usuallyused by adults while speaking to children and children use it among each other. The High variety is ‗taught‘, whereas the L variety is ‗learned‘. 10
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  Standardization There are usuallyno comparable grammars, dictionaries and standardized texts for the Low variety, and any view of that variety is likely to be highly pejorative in nature. There is an established norm for pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary which allows variation only within certain limits. 11
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  Grammar The grammar ofthe Low variety is generally simpler. For instance, fewer distinctions in the L variety are marked by the use of grammatical suffixed. There are also major differences in the vocabulary of the two varieties. E.g. Standard German has four cases in the noun; Swiss German has only three cases in the noun. 12
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  Lexicon Generally, most ofthe vocabulary between the High and Low varieties is shared, with some variations in form and with several differences in use and meaning . For the most part, the High variety will contain technical terms and more ‗learned‘ expressions. 13
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  Phonology The sound systemsof High and Low constitute a single phonological structure of which the Low variety phonology is the basic system and the divergent features of the High phonology are either a subsystem or a Para system. 14
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  Conversational History InNational Memorial Nayan : oh ok .that‘s great. What is your profession ? (High Variety ) Sojol : I am student in Dhamrai college and he is also same .(High Variety ) Nayan :That‘s well . now tell us something about national memorial. (High Variety ) Milon: This is nice place it‘s made for martyrs in the time of 1971 for several freedom fighters died . That time after one year later for memorized these martyrs we made this . (High Variety ) Masaduzzaman: That‘s great this is most important place ,we should memorized it for whole life. (High Variety ) Milon : Other things of this place , environment also awesome . (Low variety ) Nayan : Ok thanks guys , nice to meet with both of you . (Low Variety)
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  Conversational History inHaier & Hayes Ashiqur Rahman Emran :Can you tell me please, Which type of showroom is this ? (High Variety) Salesman: Oh sure ,This is main branch of Haier . (High Variety) Ashiqur Rahman Emran : Can we know about your company ? (High Variety ) Salesmen: Yes, How can we help you ? (High Variety ) Ashiqur Rahman Emran : We want to know about your company and products . (High Variety ) Salesmen: yeah , obviously which product ? (Low variety) Ashiqur Rahman Emran: Can You show us AC ?(Low Variety) Salesman: yeah ,Different types of AC , come with us we are showing you some AC. (Low variety) Ashiqur Rahman Emran: Oh , ok .(Low variety)
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  Conclusion Diglossia is onefor the important thing to us . In diglossia, no-one speaks the High variety as a mother tongue, only the Low variety. In the Standard-with-dialects situation, some speakers speak High variety as a mother tongue, while others speak Low varieties as a mother tongue and acquire High as a second system. 17