Direct and indirect speech
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This presentation provides an overview of direct and indirect speech. It defines direct speech as using exact quotations and indirect speech as reporting someone's words without using quotations. The key differences are that indirect speech involves changing pronouns and verb tenses, as well as expressions of time. Rules for these changes are explained in detail, including examples to illustrate backshifting tenses, changing pronouns, and cases where backshifting does not apply. A review section summarizes the main points and includes practice examples to check understanding.
Direct and indirect speech
- 1. GRAMMAR LESSON PRESENTATION Created by: Jasmeen
- 2. Direct and Indirect Speech Statements Hello ! Hi !
- 3. Contents • Direct speech (statements) • Indirect speech • Difference between the two • Change to indirect speech • Back shift of tenses • Change in adverbs/expressions of time • No back shift • conclusion
- 4. What is direct speech? (Quoted Speech) The The The speaker narrator listener Tom said “I am very “I am very busy now.” busy now.” David Harry Tom David tells Harry at a different time
- 5. Direct speech Let’s work out the rules! Structure of sentence Clause 1 Clause 2 “I am very busy now,” said Tom. actual words of Narrative part/ the speaker with Reporting clause no change/ reported clause Use of Outside the quotation quotation marks marks
- 6. What is indirect speech? (Reported speech) The The The Speaker reporter listener Tom said he “I am very was very busy busy now.” then.
- 7. Rules of indirect speech (reported speech) Tom said, ‘I am very busy now’. (direct) Tom said he was very busy then. (indirect) • Change in the exact words of the speaker • No use of speech marks • The pronoun ‘I’ is changed to ‘he’. • The verb ‘am’ is changed to ‘was’. • The adverb ‘now’ is changed to ‘then’. • You can add an optional conjunction ‘that’. e.g. Tom said that he was very busy then.
- 8. Indirect Speech change of pronouns • It‟s logical to change the pronouns: (think yourself as reporters) Ahmad said, “I like to fly kites”. Ahmad said ____ liked to fly kites. he „‟I have bought balloons for my sister‟‟ Harry said. he Harry said _______ had bought balloons his for ______ sister. Emma said to her mother, „‟I was feeding my kitten.‟‟ her she Emma told ______ mother _______ had been her feeding __________ kitten.
- 9. Indirect Speech change of pronouns I he/ she we they mine his/ hers/ours me him/her ours theirs us them myself/ourselves himself/herself/ themselves
- 10. Indirect Speech Tense change When you report the speaker’s words, at a different time & place move back in TIME. • Present and Future into past • Past into past perfect Back shift
- 11. Back shift of Tenses Direct speech Indirect speech • She said, "It's cold.” • She said it was cold. Present Simple Past Simple • She said, "I'm teaching • She said she was teaching English online." English online. Past Continuous Present Continuous • She said she had been • She said, “I have been browsing the web since browsing the web since 1999. 1999.” Past perfect continuous present perfect continuous
- 12. Back Shift of Tenses Direct speech Indirect speech • She said, “I have browsed • She said she had browsed • the web’’. the web. Present Perfect Past Perfect • She said, "I taught online • She said she taught/had yesterday.” taught online the day Simple Past before. • She said, "I was teaching Past Perfect earlier." • She said she had been Past Continuous teaching earlier. Past Perfect Continuous
- 13. Back shift(modal auxiliaries) Direct speech Indirect speech • She said, "I'll teach English • She said she would teach online tomorrow.” English online tomorrow. • She said, “I can teach • She said she could teach English online.” English online. • She said, "I must have a • She said she had to/must computer to teach English have a computer to teach online.” English online. • She said, “I may be late” • She said she might be late.
- 14. Modal Auxiliaries Direct speech Indirect speech may might can could will/shall(future) would must must/ Had to should Should could could might might no back ought to ought to shift would would used to used to
- 15. Expressions of time Direct speech Indirect speech today that day yesterday the day before/previous day tomorrow the next day/the following day next week/year etc. the following week/year etc. last week previous week now then last night the night before these those this(time expression) that this(adj.) the
- 16. Indirect Speech Remember! No back shift If you are reporting a fact: “All that glitter is not gold”, said grandma.(direct speech) Grandma said all that glitter is not gold. (indirect speech) When you report a permanent situation: Copernicus concluded, “Earth revolves round the sun”. (direct speech) Copernicus concluded earth revolves round the sun. (indirect speech) Contd.
- 17. Indirect Speech no backshift is possible. Remember! If direct speech is in the PAST PERFECT “I had already told him the news,” Tom told me.(direct) Tom told me he had already told him the news. (indirect) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Ali said, “I had been browsing the internet for ages.” (direct) Ali said he had been browsing the internet for ages. (indirect) Past forms of modal auxiliaries e.g. could, would, should etc.
- 18. Indirect Speech (Review) Change in speaker’s words • Removal of commas • Change of pronouns (First and second person pronouns shift to third person) • Back shifting of tense ( a step back into PAST) • Change of adverbs of time/ time expressions ( cont.)
- 19. Indirect speech Review • Tense of the verb is not back shifted when you report a fact or a permanent situation actual words are in past perfect/ past perfect continuous past forms of modal verbs Reporting words that have just been spoken with reference to present time and the reporting verb is say/ says or tell/tells
- 20. Indirect speech Learning check • Emma said to her mother, “I have wrapped the gift”. • Emma told her mother _________________ the gift. she had wrapped • Father said, “If I can, I’ll pick you up at school today.” • Father said that if ________ ,_____________________ he could he would pick me/us that day. up at school ________ • “The sun rises in the east” ,the teacher told the • children. • The teacher told the children the sun _______ in rises the east. ( cont.)
- 21. Indirect speech Learning check • The gardener said to me, “I had been trimming the hedge for two hours.” he had been trimming • The gardener told me _____________________the hedge for two hours. • “We must go early tomorrow”, said my father. the next day. • My father said __________________ go early ____________ they must go/ had to • The teacher is saying, “ you are late in the class”. you/ they/ we are • The teacher is saying ________________ late in the class.
- 22. References • A Practical English Grammar: A. J. Thomson, A. V. Martinet • Practical English Usage: Michael Swan • Longman English Grammar: L. G. Alexander