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Direct and Indirect Speech
- 1.
- 2. Introduction l Direct speechis the actual speech quoted from the speaker
- 3. Introduction l Indirect speechis the speaker’s speech reported by the third person
- 4. Mechanism of Converting DirectSpeech into Indirect Speech (Rules)
- 5. Direct Speechto IndirectSpeech A) Put THAT before the Indirect Statement e.g. He said, “The game is exciting.” He said that the game was exciting. B) SAID TO TOLD
- 6. C) Pronouns Direct Speech Reported Speech Direct Speech Reported Speech I He,she Me Him, her We They Us Them You He, she, they You Him, Her, them My His, her Mine His, hers Our Their Ours Theirs Your His, her, their Yours His, hers, theirs Direct Speechto Indirect Speech
- 7. D) Verb Tense DirectSpeech Reported Speech Present Tense Past Tense Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense Past “Shall” + verb “Would” + verb Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
- 8. E) verbs arenot changed in the usual way: 1. universal truth 2. definite past time 3. For MUST, i) Remain unchanged if used to denote an obligation ii) Changed to WOULD HAVE TO if used to express a necessity in the future 4. HAVE HAD and HAD is changed to HAD HAD. Direct Speechto Indirect Speech
- 9. 5. For WOULD,SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER, MIGHT and USED TO, verb is not changed. 6. Infinitives 7. SHALL WILL WOULD unless SHALL is used to make a request for instructions ( changed to SHOULD ) Direct Speechto Indirect Speech
- 10. F) Adverbs oftime and place and some words Direct Speech Reported Speech Direct Speech Reported Speech Here There The day before yesterday Two days before This That Three days ago Three days before These Those Last year The year before Now Then Tomorrow The next day Today That day The day after tomorrow In two day’s time This week That week Come Go Yesterday The day before Bring Take Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
- 11. Reported statements • Afterreporting verbs E.g. I am happy. He says (that) he is happy. He has said (that) he is happy. He will say (that) he is happy.
- 12. Reported statements • Eternaltruth E.g. The boy said, ‘The earth goes round the sun.’ The boy said that the earth goes round the sun.
- 13. • Using relativepronoun ‘that’ but it can be omitted. E.g. He said, ‘I am tired.’ He said (that) he was tired. Reported statements
- 14. • NB—SAID TOis usually changed to TOLD in reported speech. E.g. He said to her, ‘I am tired.’ He told her that he was tired. Reported statements
- 15. Exercise : “I shallbe there in time,” said Tom Ans. Tom said that he would be there in time Reported statements
- 16. Reported Questions l Introducedwith verbs : asked, inquired, wondered, wanted to know, tried to find out, etc l NEVER introduced with “said” l Relative pronoun “that” is NEVER used l “?” is replaced by “.” at the end l There are two types: l Beginning with question words l Not beginning with question words
- 17. Beginningwith question words E.g.1. “Where haveyou been this afternoon?” the mother asked her son. The mother asked her son where he had been that afternoon.
- 18. Beginningwith question words E.g.2. “Which subjectyou like most?” the teacher asked the students. The teacher asked the students which subject they liked most. * Note: Subject comes before the verb.
- 19. Not beginning with questionwords E.g.1. “Did you watch TV last night?” Tom asked me. Tom asked me whether I had watched TV the night before.
- 20. Not beginning withquestion words E.g.2. “Can you answer this question?” the teacher asked John. The teacher asked John if he could answer that question.
- 21. Reported Questions Exercise : “Whatare you studying?” he asked her. Ans. He asked her what she was studying. “Do you like the apple?” the farmer asked Bill. Ans. The farmer asked Bill if/whether he liked the apple.
- 22. Report commands • Verbgiving a order becomes an infinitive • Verb ‘said’ becomes ‘told, ordered, asked, commanded, requested, begged, etc.’ • Add the person to whom the order was given - negative commands are changed in the same way with ‘not’
- 23. Report commands E.g. 1:“Touch your toes, “he said to us. He told us to touch our toes. E.g. 2: “Don’t lie down!” he said to me. He ordered me not to lie down.
- 24. Report commands Exercise : “Fire!”the lieutenant said. Ans. The lieutenant commanded his soldiers to fire.
- 25. Exclamation and yes/no •No definite rules for changing into indirect speech • Often use ‘say, remark, exclaim, greet, shout, give exclamation of surprise ,etc.’
- 26. Exclamation and yes/no E.g.1. “Whata big house!” he said. He said/exclaimed that it was a big house E.g.2. “Hi, John,” Tom said. “Lovely day, isn’t it!” Tom greeted John and remarked that it was a lovely day.
- 27. Exclamation and yes/no •Yes/no are reported by subject + auxiliary verb (do, does, did, etc) E.g.1. “Have you had your lunch?” Sam asked. “Yes,” Paul replied. Sam asked Paul if he had had his lunch and Paul replied that he had
- 28. Exclamation and yes/no E.g.2. “Didyou watch the TV programme last night?” Mary asked Sue. “No,” Sue replied. Mary asked Sue if she had watched the TV programme the night before and Sue replied that she had not
- 29. Exclamation and yes/no Exercise: “How poor the report is!” the manager said. Ans. The manager remarked that the report was poor.
- 30. Mixed Type • Suitableintroductory verb. E.g.1 ‘‘Don’t play with that knife, Sally,’’ Mrs. Chan said. ‘‘You’ll hurt yourself.’’ Mrs. Chan told Sally not to play with the knife and added that she would hurt herself.
- 31. Mixed Type E.g.2 ‘‘You lookbeautiful in that dress, Jane,’’ Paul said. ‘‘How much did it cost you.’’ Paul told Jane that she looked beautiful in the dress and asked her how much it had cost her.
- 32. Mixed Type • Useeither as/because/since or a participle E.g.1 ‘‘Where did you buy that dress, Sue? I’d like to get one for my sister,’’ James said. James wanted to know where Sue had bought the dress, as he wanted to get one for his sister.
- 33. Mixed Type E.g.2 ‘‘Don’t goto bed late. Remember you’ll have to get up early tomorrow,’’ Peggy’s mother said. Peggy’s mother told her not to go to bed late, reminding her that she would have to get up early the next day.
- 34. Mixed Type Exercise : “Doyou like to have a bowl of rice?” the chef said to John, “We don’t have any other food here.” Ans. The chef asked John if/whether he liked to have a bowl of rice and said that they don’t have any other food there.