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Disaster
- 1. 1 DISASTERS & EMERGENCIES DEFINITIONS Training Package WHO/EHA Panafrican EmergencyTraining Centre, Addis Ababa Updated March 2002 by EHA
- 2. 2 WORLDWIDE Number of PeopleAffected by Disasters 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year M illion 2000 IFRC World Disaster Report
- 3. 3 Definition : DISASTER : Adisaster is an occurrence disrupting the normal conditions of existence and causing a level of suffering that exceeds the capacity of adjustment of the affected community.
- 4. 4 It is thepeople who matter most, and without the people we have no disaster.
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- 6. 6 RELIEF-DEVELOPMENT CONTINUUM Disaster prevention, mitigation& preparedness safeguard development. Good response facilitates recovery and development. Africa’s hazards and vulnerabilities have been the targets of 30 years of development: their persistence testifies to as many failures. Today, ever-increasing resources are spent for disaster relief, at the expense of development. But only development can reduce vulnerabilities, and the hazards arising from the socio-economic structure.
- 7. 7 THE DISASTER-DEVELOPMENT CONTINUUM Disasters andcrisis (“emergencies”) are not aberrant phenomena. They are reflections of the ways societies structure themselves and allocate their resources. (R. Kent, 1997)
- 8. 8 DISASTER MORTALITY INRELATION TO DEVELOPMENT STATUS 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 low income middle income high income Gross Domestic Product per capita Source: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Belgium deaths/1,000 population
- 9. 9 Every year Western Governmentsspend USD 100 billion subsidizing power stations (i.e. Global Warming) USD 300 billion subsidizing agriculture (i.e. Deforestation and Overgrazing) USD 50 billion subsidizing fisheries (i.e. Overfishing) (Worldwatch Institute, 1996)
- 10. 10 EMERGENCY a state inwhich normal procedures are suspended and extra-ordinary measures are taken in order to avert a disaster
- 11. 11 Definition: HAZARD A natural orhuman-made event that threatens to adversely affects human life, property or activity to the extent of causing a disaster.
- 12. 12 HAZARDS AND DISASTERS:CLASSIFICATION STORM HEAT WAVE FREEZE EARTHQUAKE VOLCANIC ERUPTION LANDSLIDE DROUGHT FLOOD EPIDEMIC PEST FIRE EXPLOSION COLLISION SHIPWRECK STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION WAR ECONOMIC CRISIS SUDDEN OCCURRENCE MONOCAUSAL PROGRESSIVE OCCURRENCE MULTICAUSAL SUDDEN OCCURRENCE MONOCAUSAL PROGRESSIVE OCCURRENCE MULTICAUSAL BY NATURAL CAUSES BY HUMAN CAUSES DISASTER INSUFFICIENT CAPACITY OF RESPONSE
- 13. 13 A disaster occurswhen hazards and vulnerability meet Trigger event Earthquake High winds, storm Floods Landslide Volcanic eruption Drought War, civil strife Economic crisis Technological accident Vulnerability + Hazard =DISASTER Underlying causes Poverty Limited access to - power structures - resources Ideologies Economic systems Age Sex Illness and disabilities Dynamic pressures Lack of - local institutions - education - training - appropriate skills - local investments - local markets - services - press freedom Macro-forces - population expansion - urbanization - environment degradation Unsafe conditions Fragile physical environment - dangerous locations - dangerous buildings, etc. Fragile local economy - low levels of income - livelihoods at risk Public actions VULNERABILITY HAZARD DISASTER
- 14. 14 VULNERABILITY the predisposition to sufferdamage due to external events
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- 16. 16 Poverty, population growthand urbanization force living in unsafe areas Site after pressures from population growth and urbanization Site
- 17. 17 Disaster Management andEmergency Management Reconstruction Rehabilitation Response/Relief Mitigation/ Prevention Preparedness EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT Post-disaster: recovery Pre-disaster: risk reduction DISASTER MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT RELIEF
- 18. 18 AIMS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT ·reduce (avoid, if possible) the potential losses from hazards · assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims when necessary · achieve rapid and durable recovery
- 19. 19 CAPACITY ability, ableness todo Capacity for emergency management is made of: · INFORMATION · AUTHORITY · INSTITUTIONS · PARTNERSHIPS · PLANS, RESOURCES AND PROCEDURES TO ACTIVATE THEM
- 20. 20 MITIGATION: permanent reduction ofthe risk of disaster “Primary Mitigation” · reducing the PRESENCE of the Hazard · reducing VULNERABILITY “Secondary” Mitigation: · reducing the EFFECTS of the Hazard (Preparedness)
- 21. 21 PREPAREDNESS the measures thatensure the organized mobilization of personnel, funds, equipment and supplies within a safe environment for effective relief
- 22. 22 RESPONSE the set ofactivities implemented after the impact of a disaster in order to · assess the needs · reduce the suffering · limit the spread and the consequences of the disaster · open the way to rehabilitation
- 23. 23 REHABILITATION: The restoration ofbasic social functions. RECONSTRUCTION: The full resumption of socio-economic activities plus preventive measures.
- 24. 24 ELEMENTS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT ·disaster preparedness planning * vulnerability and risk assessment · disaster response * disaster assessment · rehabilitation & reconstruction · disaster mitigation
- 25. 25 Disaster management: leadingactivities and related terms Disaster occurrence Disaster Management Disaster Mitigation Disaster Response Risk Assessment Prevention Preparedness Relief Rehabilitation Reconstruction Hazard assessment Vulnera- bility assessment Structural measures Non- struct. measures Contin- gency planning Warning and evacuation •Search & rescue •Security •Food •Water •Shelter & sanitation •Clothes & blankets •Health care Pre-disaster Post-disaster Hazard assessment: mapping, monitoring Vulnerability assessment: assessment of vulnerability for all elements exposed to the hazard Risk assessment: calculation of expected losses Structural measures: special building codes, dams, floodwalls, etc. Non-structural measures: land use planning, laws, insurance, public education, etc. Contingency planning: plan of action in case of disaster, training of teams Warning and Evacuation: development of indicators & early warning systems, simulation exercises Immediate intervention. Duration:… by definition, short-term Reconstruction. Full resumption of socio-economic functions, plus preventive measures. Duration:…months to years Rehabilitation. Restoration of basic social functions. Duration:… weeks to months
- 26. 26 Comparing the naturalhistory of disaster with the disaster- development continuum PRE-PATHOGENIC PERIOD PATHOGENIC PERIOD Population Environment Hazards IMPACT Political awareness Level of suffering deaths extintion disintegration disappearance of the community recovery and resumption of development the length of the latency will be a function of Preparedness and Readiness VULNERABILITY ALERT READINESS R E L I E F REHABILITATION RECONSTRUCTION PREVENTION PREPAREDNESS R E S P O N S E RECOVERY EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PREVENTION& MITIGATION RESPONSE & RECOVERY DISASTER MANAGEMENT (Health Promotion and) SECONDARY TERTIARY PRIMARY PREVENTION PREVENTION PREVENTION H E A L T H C A R E PRE-DISASTER DISASTER POST-DISASTER DISTANT IMMEDIATE LATECY EMERGENCY IMMEDIATE DISTANT