Disaster management

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
AUTUMN BREAK H.W. HOME-WORK

GETTING ACQUIRED WITH
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
BECOMING A GOOD DISASTER MANAGER

WHAT IS HAZARD?
Hazard is a dangerous event ,
natural or human made
induced that could cause injury
, loss of life or damage of
property , livelihood or
environment

WHAT IS DISASTER?
A disaster whether natural or human
made induced , is an event which
results in widespread human loss.
It is accompanied by loss of livelihood,
property causing suffering an loss in a
definite area.

TYPES OF DISASTER:-
The disaster are categorized into various type based on the speed
and origin/ cause.

BASED ON SPEED
 Slow onset disaster :- A disaster that prevails for many days, months
or even years like drought, environmental degradation, pest infestation, famine are
some examples of a slow onset disaster.
 Rapid onset disaster:- A disaster that is trigged by an instantaneous
shock. The impact of this disaster be a short- lived or long term. Earthquake,
cyclone, flash flood, volcanic eruption are some examples of rapid onset disaster.

BASED ON CAUSE/ORIGIN
 Natural disaster:- A natural disaster is an event that is caused by a
natural hazard and leads to human , material, economic and environment losses,
which exceed the ability of those affected to cope.
 Human induced disaster :- A serious disruption of normal life
triggered by a human induced hazard causing human, material, economic and
environment losses, which exceeds the ability of those affected to cope.

WHEN DOES A HAZARD
LEADS TO A DISASTER?
A disaster occurs when the impact of a hazard on a section of a
society is such that the people are unable to cope with the event, causing
death, injury, loss of property and / or economic losses.

WHAT IS
VULNERABILITY ?
Vulnerability is a condition
determined by physical, social,
economic and environmental
factors or processes, which increase
the susceptibility of a community
to the impact of the hazards.

WHAT IS RISK?
Risk is the probability of harmful
consequences, or expected losses, such as
death, injuries , loss of property and
livelihood, disruption in the economic
activity and environmental degradation
resulting from interaction between
hazards and vulnerable conditions

WHAT IS DISASTER
MANAGEMENT?
Disaster management covers the range of
activities designed to maintain control over
disaster/emergency situations and to provide a
frame work for helping people to avoid reduced
the effect of , or recover from impact of a
disaster. These activities may be related to
preparedness, mitigation, emergency response,
relief and recovery and may be conducted before
, during or after a disaster

SPECIFIC HAZARDS
AND MITIGATION

INTRODUCTION
The Indian sub-continent is prone to a large
number of natural hazards namely flood, cyclone,
earthquake and landslides bringing in a huge loss
of life, livelihood, property and infrastructure.

SIGNIFICANCE OF
MITIGATION
 Mitigation efforts help the people by creating safer communities and reducing loss
of life and property, some mitigation measures includes:-
 Enforcing strict building codes, flood proofing requirements seismic design standards
and wind-bracing requirements for new construction or repairing existing buildings.
 Construction of houses a way from hazardous areas
 Retrofitting public buildings to withst and strong winds or ground shaking .
 Building community shelters to help protect people in areas which are prone to
various hazards.

MITIGATION’S VALUE TO
SOCIETY
 Mitigation creates safer community by reducing losses of life and property
 Mitigation enables individuals and communities to recover more rapidly from
disaster.
 Mitigation lessens the financial impact of disaster on government and communities.
Mitigation efforts can be categorized as structural such as construction river
embankments or strengthening existing buildings and non-structural , such as training
in disaster management, regulating land use , public education etc.

FLOOD:-
Flood have been a recurrent phenomenon in India. With more than 12% of the
total land area prone to floods. It is necessary to take adequate structural and
non-structural mitigation measures.
Flood can happen both gradually. Taking hours or suddenly due to breach of
water control structure, spill over or heavy downpour caused in the region.

WARNING FOR FLOOD:-
Except for flash there is usually a reasonable warning period. The central water commission ,
irrigation & Flood Control Department and Water Resources Department of Government of
India are responsible for flood detecting, tracking, receiving warning and disseminating information.
Flood warning information is disseminated by the following means:-
• Government Channels
• High Priority Telegrams
• Doordarshan and the local cable channels
• All India Radio
• Bulletins in the Press

MITIGATION STRATEGIES:-
There are a large number of structural and non-structural mitigation
measures that can be take up to reduce the impact of the flood in
areas that are frequently battered by floods. Some of the mitigation
strategies include:-

STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
 Water Shed Management: Timely cleaning, de-silting and deepening of
natural water reservoir and drainage channels (both urban and rural) must be
taken up.
 Reservoir : The entire natural water storage place should be cleaned on a
regular basis especially before the monsoon season .
 Building on elevated area : The buildings in flood prone area should be
constructed on an elevated area and if necessary on stilts and platforms.

 Natural water retention basin:- Construction and protection of flood
protection embankments, ring bunds and other bunds. Dams and levees can
also be constructed which can be used temporary storing space which will reduce
the chances of lower plains getting flooded.
 Implementing flood control measures:- To reduce flood damage.
Measures can be taken to runoff by reforestation, protection of vegetation ,
cleaning of debris from streams etc.

NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
 Mapping of flood plains:- is the first step involved in reducing risk of
floods.
 Land use control:- will reduce the danger to life and property when water
inundates the flood plains and the coastal region. No major development should be
permitted in areas which are subjected to flooding. Important facilities like hospitals
should be located in safer and elevated areas.
 Flood forecasting and warning: better facilities would help in reducing the
impact of flood.

CYCLONE
These are violent storms, often of
vast extent, characterized by high
winds rotating about a calm centre
of low atmospheric pressure. This
centre moves onwards often with a
velocity of 50 km/h.

 Warning :- cyclone strikes suddenly , although it takes time for a
cyclone to build up. Satellite tracking can track the movement the build
up and the likely path of the cyclone. Warning and evacuation id done
along the projected path. However , landfall predictions can give only a few
hours ‘ notice to threatened population as it is difficult to predict its
landfall with total accuracy.

 Structural mitigation :-
• Multi-purpose cyclone shelters with suitable designs need to be
constructed in appropriate locations in coastal areas. These multi-
purpose cyclone shelters can be used as a shelters when the
cyclone strikes and at normal times can be used as schools or
community centers.

 Engineered structures that can withstand wind forces need to built.
Majority of the buildings in coastal areas are built with locally available material
and have no engineering inputs. Good construction practice should be adopted.
 Protection against wind: Construction of houses either behind a mound or
hillock and not right on the coast. This will act as a protection against strong
cyclonic winds. Fisherman are normally affected as they stay very close to the
coastline.
 Coast belt plantations : Shelter belt plantation along the coastline will
mitigate the impact of strong winds.it will also check the soil erosion and inwards
sand drift ,protecting cultivate fields and houses which are located in the coastal
areas.

NON-STRUCTURAL
MITIGATION
 Hazard mapping –a hazard map will illustrate the areas vulnerable to the
cyclone in any given year. It is an effective mitigation tool.
 Land use control designed so that least critical activities are placed in
vulnerable areas. Location of settlement in the flood plains is of utmost risk.
Vulnerable areas should be kept for parks , grazing or play grounds.
 Cyclone forecasting and warning Better forecasting of cyclone early and
timely warning to the people who are likely to be affected leads to the better
preparedness and reduced impact to life, livelihood and infrastructure.

EARTHQUAKES
An earthquake is a sudden
release of energy accumulation
in deformed rocks causing the
ground to tremble or shake.

 Non-structural measures :-
Enforcing building codes. The bureau of Indian Standards has
published building codes and guidelines to reduce the impact of
earthquake.
Before the buildings are constructed the building plan has to be
checked up by the municipality to verify if the structure conforms to
the building guidelines set by the government.

MITIGATION MEASURES:-
 Structural mitigation :-
Engineered structures should be designed an build to withstand
ground shaking. Architecture and engineering outputs inputs need to
be put together to improve building design and construction practice.
Soil type must be analysed before construction and structures must
not be build on soft soil.

• Many existing buildings like hospitals , important government
offices etc. need to be retrofitted with safety devices based on
these guidelines as they play a crucial role in case a disaster
strike.
• Public awareness :- sensitization and training programmes for
architects, builders, contractors, designers, engineers, financiers,
government functionaries, house owners , masons etc.
• Reduce possible damages from secondary effects like fire, floods,
landslide, etc. By identify potential landslide sites and
restricting construction in those areas.

LANDSLIDES
Landslides slippery masses of
rock earth or debris which
move by force of their own
weight down mountains slopes
or river banks

 Structural mitigation:-
Drainage correction: The most important triggering mechanism for mass movements is
water infiltration into the land area during heavy rain. Hence the natural way of preventing
this situation is by reducing water infiltration and allowing excess water to move down
without hindrance. In such situation the first and foremost mitigation measure is drainage
correction. This involves maintenance of natural drainage channels both micro and macro in
vulnerable slopes.

Engineered structures with strong foundations can withstand the ground
movement forces. Underground installations ( pipes, cables etc.) should
be made flexible to move in order to withstand forces caused by the
landslides.
Retaining walls can be built to stop land from slipping (these walls are
seen along road in hill stations.).
Increasing vegetation cover is the cheapest and most effective way of
arresting landslide.

Hazard mapping will locate areas prone to slope failure. This will
permit to identify avoidance of area for building settlements.
Land use practice such as preserving existing natural vegetation
(forest and grasslands) in good condition should be adopted.
Denuded upper slopes must be reforested with suitable tree species.in
construction of roads, irrigation canals etc.

DROUGHT
Drought is a climatic anomaly
characterized by deficient supply of
moisture resulting either from sub-
normal rainfall erratic rainfall
distribution ,higher water need or a
combination of all the factors.

Revival of traditional water harvesting structure like canals, tanks
etc. In Gujarat ‘Jhalara’ also known as Baolis in Rajasthan are some
examples of traditional water harvesting structure in india.
Construction of water harvesting structures in houses and farms
areas. Water harvesting can be carried out by either allowing the
runoff water from all the areas to a common point or allowing it to
infiltrate into the soil, there by increasing the ground water level.

Drought monitoring:- monitoring and early warning essentially provides the
foundation on which timely decisions can be made by decision makers at all (i.e.,
farmers to national policy maker).
Drought Awareness programmes:- in the areas that are normally affected
by drought. Government non-government organization (NGOs). Local corporate and
other key players have taken the initiative to bring in awareness on water conservation
livelihood planning land use planning , traditional water conservation strategies etc.

land use planning:- land use based on its capability helps in optimum
use of land and water and can prevent undue demand created due to
misuse.
LIVELIHOOD PLANNING :- it identified those livelihood which are
least affected by drought. Some of such livelihood that are practices in
areas which re affected by drought includes collection of non timber
forest production from the community forest, carpentry, raising goats etc.
CROP INSURANCE:- This is an insurance given to the farmers, who
have lost their crops because of lack of water supply.

Disaster management

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