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DISASTER MANAGEMENT.pptx
- 1. TYPES OF DISASTER& ROLE OF NURSE IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT E
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- 3. MEANING OF DISASTER Disastersare "traumatic events that are so extreme or severe, so powerful harmful, or threatening that they demand extraordinary coping efforts” Disaster means that any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant and extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area (WHO 1995)
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- 5. ‘DISASTER’ MEANING D –Destructions I – Incidents S – Sufferings A - Administrative, Financial Failures. S – Sentiments T – Tragedies E - Eruption of Communicable diseases. R - Research programme and its implementation
- 6. Common Causes ofDisasters High Wind Flow Phenomena- Lightning Hurricane Tornadoes Blizzards Nature’s fury like High Wind Flow Phenomena Earthquakes Floods Epidemics Manmade Causes Fire Explosion Transport Accidents Modern Technical Causes Thermonuclear Disaster Biological Warfare Chemical Warfare
- 7. Types of Disasters Disasters can be further classified in many different forms. Broadly speaking there are two types of Disasters- Natural Hazards Man-made Hazards
- 8. Natural Hazards Geophysical: earthquakes,landslides, tsunamis and volcanic activity Hydrological : avalanches and floods Climatological : extreme temperatures, drought and wildfires, Meteorological : cyclones and storms/wave surges Biological :disease epidemics and insect/animal plagues. These are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset events which can be-
- 9. Man-made/Technological Hazards Sudden disasters-Bhopal Gas Tragedy Insidious disasters- Release of radio active substances Wars and civil conflicts- Attack on twin buildings of World Trade Centre in New York Disasters also can be caused by humans. These are mostly caused due to certain human activities. The disasters which are caused as a result of human activities are termed as Man-Made Disasters-
- 10. Magnitude of Disasters LocalDisasters- Floods and forest fires Regional Disasters- Hurricane, Katrina, Earthquakes, Droughts and Crop Failures National Disasters- Economic Depression, Severe Stock Market Crash Or Collapse of the Currency Global Disasters- Affect the entire planet. US dollar acting as the major reserve currency for most of the world, a collapse of the currency would be disastrous for nearly every nation
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- 12. 1. Agent 1. PrimaryAgents: It includes falling of buildings, heat wind rising waters and smoke. 2. Secondary Agents: It includes bacteria and viruses that produce contamination or infection after the primary agent has caused injury or destruction
- 13. 2. Host In theepidemiological frame work as applied to disaster the host is human-kind. Host factors are those characteristics of humans that influence the severity of the disaster effect. Host factors include- Age Immunization status Degree of mobility Emotional stability
- 14. 3. Environmental Factors 1. Physical Factors: Weather conditions, the availability of food, time when the disaster occurs, the availability of water and the functioning of utilities such as electricity and telephone service. 2. Chemical Factors: Influencing disaster outcome include leakage of stored chemicals into the air, soil, ground water or food supplies. Eg: - Bhopal Gas Tragedy. 3. Biological Factors: Are those that occur or increase as result of contaminated water, improper waste disposal, insect or rodent proliferations improper food storage or lack of refrigeration due to interrupted electrical services.
- 15. CONT.... 4. Bioterrorism: Releaseof viruses, bacteria or other agents caused illness or death 5. Social Factors: are those that contribute to the individual social support systems. Loss of family members, changes in roles and the questioning of religious beliefs are social factors to be examined after a disaster. 6. Psychological Factors: Psychological factors are closely related to agents, host and environmental conditions. The nature and severity of the disaster affect the psychological distress experienced by the victims.
- 16. Effects of Disaster Increasein mortality Increase in Morbidity-Injuries; Emotional stress, Epidemic of disease, increase in indigenous diseases. Financial & infrastructural loss Environmental damage Health care burden National loss.
- 17. Principles of DisasterManagement It must be understood that disaster management should be a multi- sectoral and well coordinated effort. It is impossible for a single agency such as health sector to undertake this task all alone. The following principles should be observed while managing disasters: Pre-disaster preparedness Strong emphasis on isolation and rescue phase Multidisciplinary and coordinated approach Inter-sectoral liaison Maintaining communication Triage Post impact stage
- 18. 1. Pre-disaster preparedness It is very important to draw up contingency plans to tackle disasters during the “inter-disaster” phase. First of all, an assessment of risk due to particular type of disaster in different areas should be done (risk analysis) followed by an analysis of which population groups and geographical areas are prone to damage (vulnerability analysis). Based on these analysis, a “contingency plan” should be chalked out. These plans should be discussed by all the departments and administrators. Once developed, these contingency plans should be rehearsed periodically to identify the problem areas and to ensure that every person clearly knows his or her task.
- 19. 2. Strong emphasison isolation and rescue phase Most deaths and serious injuries occur during the isolation phase in the early stage of impact of the disaster. It is therefore very important to be well prepared for quick evacuation of the affected population.
- 20. 3. Multi-disciplinary andcoordinated approach As mentioned earlier, the entire contingency plan as well as the actual implementation of the plan during the disaster should be very well coordinated between all agencies (local administrative authority, public works department (PWD), Public health engineering department, health department, food and civil supplies, police and fire department, food and civil supplies, police and fire department, road and aviation departments, etc.). Second, this inter-sectoral teamwork should be ensured at all levels, such as state, districts, block, and village.
- 21. 4. Inter-sectoral liaison The DHO should maintain close liaison with the DC, superintendent of police, superintending engineer, district telecom officer, PWD, Public health engineer, and district civil supplies officer. Similarly, the medical officer in charge of primary health center (PHC), the block development officer, and Gram Panchayat should also work as a team.
- 22. 5. Maintaining communications Itis very important to ensure that the latest situation and problems/equipments are promptly communicated and discussed “vertically” up and down (i.e., from accredited social health activist or multipurpose workers to medical officer in charge of PHC to DHO and vice versa) and “horizontally” ( e.g., between DHO, DC and telecommunication department).
- 23. 6. Triage Theword ‘triage’ is derived from the French term “trier” which means to separate or select. Triage means sorting out the casualties. Triage consists of rapidly classifying the injured on the basis of the severity of their injuries and the likely hood of their survival with prompt medical intervention. It must be adopted to locally available skills. Higher priority is granted to victims whose immediate or long-term prognosis can be dramatically affected by simple intensive care
- 24. 7. Post ImpactPhase Post Impact Phase •Recovery beings during the emergency phase and end with the return of normal community order and functioning. For persons in then impact area this phase may last a lifetime (e.g., victims of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima). •Recovery is the process by which communities and nations are assisted in returning to their normal level of functioning following a disaster.
- 27. TRIAGE (Categorizing) • Red- Most Urgent, First Priority • Yellow - Urgent, Second Priority •Green – Third Priority •Black - Dying Dead
- 28. RED - MOSTURGENT, FIRST PRIORITY • Life-threatening injuries • Shock, chest wounds, internal hemorrhage, head injuries producing increased loss of consciousness, partial-or full-thickness burns over 20% to 60% of the body surface, and chest pain • Poor chance of survival
- 29. YELLOW - URGENT,SECOND PRIORITY • Injuries with systemic effects and complications but yet not in shock , withstand 30 to 60-minute • Category include multiple fractures, open fractures, spinal injuries, large lacerations; Partial- or full- thickness burns over 10% to 20% of the body surface and medical emergencies such as diabetic coma, insulin shock; and epileptic seizure, observed closely
- 30. GREEN- THIRD-PRIORITY • Minimalinjuries unaccompanied by systemic complications. • Wait several hours for treatment. • Closed fractures, minor burns, minor lacerations, sprains, contusions, and abrasions.
- 31. BLACK - DYINGOR DEAD Hopelessly injured patients or dead victims Crushing injuries to the head or chest Would not survive under the best of circumstances.
- 32. DISASTER NURSING Definition- Disaster nursingcan be defined as “the adaptation of professional nursing knowledge, skills and attitude in recognizing and meeting the nursing, health and emotional needs of disaster victims.”
- 34. GOALS OF THEDISASTER NURSING The overall goal of disaster nursing is to achieve the best possible level of health for the people and the community involved in the disaster. Role of Nurse in Disaster nursing are the following- To meet the immediate basic survival needs of populations affected by disasters (water, food, shelter, and security). To identify the potential for a secondary disaster. To appraise both risks and resources in the environment. To correct inequalities in access to health care or appropriate resources. To empower survivors to participate in and advocate for their own health and well-being. To respect cultural, lingual, and religious diversity in individuals and families and to apply this principle in all health promotion activities. To promote the highest achievable quality of life for survivors.
- 35. Disaster Management Process •Develop a disaster plan to prevent or deal with identified disaster threats. • Identify a local community communication system. • Identify disaster personnel, including private and professional volunteers, local emergency personnel, agencies, and resources. • Identify regional backup agencies, personnel. Disaster Planning- • Focus on primary prevention activities to prevent occurrence of Man-made disasters. • Practice community disaster plans with all personnel carrying out their previously identified responsibilities. • Practice using equipment, obtaining and distributing supplies. Implement Disaster Plan-
- 36. HOSPITAL DISASTER PLAN The hospital is an integral part of the society and it has great role to play in the disaster management. Every hospital big or small, public or private has to prepare a disaster plan, and must learn to activate the disaster plan at the hour of need. Disasters in the hospital perspective can be grouped into two categories: 1. Internal Hospital disasters like fire, building collapse, terrorism, etc 2. External disasters like earthquakes, floods, etc
- 37. OBJECTIVES OF HOSPITALDISASTER PLAN Preparedness of staff, optimising of resources and mobilisation of the logistics and supplies within short notice To make community aware about the hospital disaster plan and benefits of plan Training and motivation of the staff To carry out mock drills Documentation of the plan and making hospital staff aware about the various steps of the plan
- 38. DISASTER DRILL • Adisaster drill is an exercise in which people simulate the circumstances of a disaster so that they have an opportunity to practice their responses. Definition- • On a basic level, drills can include responses by individuals to protect themselves, such as learning how to shelter in place, understanding what to do in an evacuation, and organizing meet up points so that people can find each other after a disaster. • Disaster drills handle topics like what to do when communications are cut off, how to deal with lack of access to equipment, tools, and even basic services like water and power, and how to handle evacuations. • It also provides a chance to practice for events such as mass casualties which can occur during a disaster. Features- Benefits - •Used to identify weak points in a disaster response plan •To get people familiar with the steps they need to take so that their response in a disaster will be automatic.
- 39. Disaster Management Agencies IN INDIA- National Disaster Response Force National Disaster Management Authority National Institute of Disaster Management International Strategy for Disaster Reduction INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES Every country is a potential source of health humanitarian assistance for some other disaster-striken nation. Bilateral assistance, whether personnel, supplies or cash is probably the most important source of external aid. Several international or regional agencies have established special funds, procedures and offices to provide humanitarian assistance.
- 40. CONT... Office forthe Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, World Food Programme(WFP), Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO). European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO), Organization of American States (OAS). Non-Governmental Organizations- CARE, International Committee of Red Cross, International Council of Voluntary Agendes(ICVA), International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) etc.