Disaster managemt and its classification (1).pptx

Definition :
 A disaster can be defined as : “ Any
occurrence that causes damage, ecological
disruption, loss of human life or
deterioration of health and health services
on a scale sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from outside the
affected community or area”. BY - World Health
Organisation (WHO)
 “A disaster can be defined as an occurrence
either nature or manmade that causes human
suffering and creates human needs that
victims cannot alleviate without assistance”. BY-

When and Where it occurs ?
 Anytime and anywhere, not confined to any
part of the world.
 Some disasters can be predicted and
whereas some cannot be predicted.
 Warfare is a special category, because it is
well planned and damage is the intended goal
of action.

Factors affecting Disaster :
• Age
• Immunization status
• Degree of mobility
• Emotional stability
Host factors
• Physical Factors
• Chemical Factors
• Biological Factors
• Social Factors
• Psychological Factors
Environmental
factors

Effects of disaster :
 Population displacement
 Injury or Death
 Risk of epidemic of diseases
 Damage to infrastructure
 Psychological problems
 Food shortage
 Socioeconomic losses
 Shortage of drugs and medical supplies.

Types of Disasters :
Natural
Disasters
Earthquake
Floods
Cyclones
Tsunami
Landslide
and
Avalanches
Manmade
Disasters
Chemical
Disaster
Nuclear
Disaster
Biological
Disaster
Examples
• Natural disasters :
Earthquakes, landslides,
volcanic eruptions, floods
and cyclones
• Man-made disasters :
Stampedes, fires,
transport accidents,
industrial accidents, oil
spills and nuclear
explosions/radiation. War
and deliberate attacks
may also be put in this
category.

Severity of the impact :
 The severity of the impact depends upon many
factors :
1. Predictability : Some of the disasters such as
cyclones, floods can be predicted and the
degree of preparedness will be high.
2. Type of Disaster : In Earthquakes, the mortality
is high because the people get crushed below
the falling objects and collapsed buildings
3. Density and population distribution.
4. Opportunity of warning.
5. Condition of the environment.

 The scale is a normalized function whose
variables are scope (S), topography (T), and
rate of change (D), expressed as :
Rohn Emergency Formula :
E = EMERGENCY = f(S,T,D)
Measuring the severity :

Morbidity and Mortality :
 Earthquakes : Unpredictable, People get crushed because they
cannot escape and if it occurs in night, the people may even have
fracture pelvis, thorax or spine because they are lying in bed
 Volcanic eruptions : Mudslides and glowing clouds
of ash.
Bodies buried in volcanic
ash

Morbidity and Mortality (contd..)
:
 Floods : Collapsed dam or tidal waves.
 Droughts : Protein-calorie malnutrition and vitamin
deficiencies (Particularly Vit.A) leading to
Xerophthalmia and blindness. Even dehydration and
diarrhoea may occur.

India’s Vulnerability to Disasters
:
 57% land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Of these, 12% is vulnerable to severe
earthquakes.
 68% land is vulnerable to drought.
 12% land is vulnerable to floods.
 8% land is vulnerable to cyclones.
 Apart from natural disasters, some cities in India are also vulnerable to chemical and
industrial disasters and man-made disasters.
 Northern mountain region prone to land slides, snow–storms , earthquakes
 Eastern coastal area prone to severe floods ,cyclones
 Western desert prone to draughts

Who will work ?
 Usually military force, police, BSF, volunteers from other region.
 Disaster management is a specialised training & is provided by
local, state, federal and private organizations.
 Undergraduate and Graduate degrees in disaster management or
a related field are provided. (Disaster Management Institute, Bhopal, M.P and
Disaster Mitigation Institute, Ahmadabad,Gujarat).
 Certified Emergency Manager (CEM) the most important degree.
The National Emergency Management Association and the
International Association of Emergency Managers are twoexamples
of these professional organizations.

Principles of disaster
management
 Comprehensive – disaster managers
consider and take into account all hazards, all
phases, and all impacts relevant to disasters.
 Progressive – anticipate future disasters and
take preventive and preparatory measures
 Risk-driven – use sound risk management
principles (hazard identification, risk analysis,
and impact analysis) in assigning priorities and
resources.
 Integrated – ensure unity of effort among all
levels of government and all elements of a
community.

Contd...
 Collaborative – create and sustain broad and
sincere relationships among individuals and
organizations .
 Coordinated – synchronize the activities to
achieve a common purpose.
 Flexible – use creative and innovative
approaches in solving disaster challenges.
 Professional – value a science and
knowledge-based approach for continuous
improvement.

Phases of Management :
 Disaster Response
 Disaster Rehabilitation
 Disaster Reconstruction
 Disaster Mitigation
 Disaster Preparedness
Recovery phase after
disaster
Risk reduction phase
before a disaster

Impact & Response :
 Greatest need for emergency care is in 1st few hours
after the impact.
 The management of mass casualties are divided into :
Search and Rescue
First Aid
Field care
Triage
Tagging
Identification of Dead

Search and Rescue & First-Aid
:
 For search and rescue the team should be organised and
work as one. Even with a good team the search may be a
small fraction in major disasters.
 The immediate help is usually obtained from the uninjured
survivors.

Field care :
 The injured people are brought to nearest health care
immediately by available means of transport and
people converge into health facilities.
 The hospitals must get ready to deal with mass input
of injured with new priorities for bed availability and
surgical services.
 Provision for food, shelter should be done.
 A centre to respond for the enquiries from patient’s
relatives and friends.
 Priority is given to :
a. victims identification and
b. adequate mortuary space.

Triage :
 It consists of rapidly classifying the injured on
the basis of the severity of their injuries and their
likelyhood of their survival with prompt medical
intervention.
 The principle of “First come, first serve” is NOT
FOLLOWED.
 High priority is given to those whose immediate or
long term prognosis can be changed dramatically
with simple intensive care.
 It is the only approach that can provide maximum
benefit to large population in a major disaster.

Colour coding in a Triage :
Internationally
accepted four
colour coding
system :
 Red – High
priority treatment
or transfer.
 Yellow –
Medium priority.
 Green –
Ambulatory
patients.
 Black – Dead or
Moribound
patients.
Triage should be carried out
at the site of the disaster.
Local health workers should
be taught the principles of
triage as a part of disaster
training.
People with minor injuries
should be treated in their
homes to avoid social
dislocation and drain the
resources which are needed
by severely injured person.
All persons should be
tagged with details – name,
age, place of origin, triage,
initial diagnosis and

MAN-MADE DISASTERS
By : Chidanand

“Humansaregoodat creating
disasters, and throughout history
we’verarely beenafraid toprove it”.

Definition :
 Man-made disasters are the
threats having an element of
human intent, negligence, or error
; or involving a failure of a
human-made system.
 Human causation may be
accidental or intentional

Types of man made disasters
 Sudden disasters : such as Chernobyl disaster
and Bhopal gas tragedy,
 Insidious disasters : Chemical and radiation
exposure, global warming

Classification :
Sociological disasters
Terrorism
War and civil
conflicts
Technological
disasters
Industrial disasters
Structural collapse
and fire
CBRN disaster
Transportation
disasters

Sociological hazards
 Terrorism : The primary objective of a
terrorism is to create widespread fear.
 E.g. : On 11 September 2001 the World Trade
Centre in New York City was destroyed by
crashing American airlines and killed 2,752.

War :
 It is a conflict between relatively large groups of
people, which involves physical force by the
use of weapons .
 Warfare has destroyed entire cultures,
countries, economies and inflicted great
suffering on humanity.
 E.g. : World war I and II. Since world war II there
have been about 127 wars and
22 million war related deaths
have occurred

Civil conflicts (riots):
Any incident that disrupts a community,
where intervention is required to maintain
public safety.
 eg: 1984 Sikh massacre, a riot against the
Sikhs in response to assassination of
Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards
 More than 11,000 people were killed

Technological hazards
: Industrial disasters :
 E.g.-The Nuclear Power
Plant Explosion in Chernobyl,
Russia : On April 26th 1986,
which resulted in the
atmospheric release of
radioactive material four
hundred times more
radioactive than Hiroshima.
 Structural collapse :often
caused by engineering
failures E.g.: recently building
collapse in Bangladesh
,Kolkata and thane

 Fire : mainly forest fire , mine fire.
 E.g. : In 2003, fire at Iraqi sulphur
plant releasing Sulphur dioxide
which killed people by causing
respiratory problems and also
creates acid rain which destroys
crops.
 Transportation disaster: air, Rail,
and Space disasters and traffic
collisions
 E.g.: Mangalore air crash on
22 May 2010. Only eight
passengers survived in 160.

CBRN Disasters :
CBRN (chemical , biological , radiation and
nuclear ) disasters : release of CBRN hazardous
material into air, soil, water leads to serious
hazards
 E.g. : Fukushima nuclear disaster on march
2011 which was triggered by earthquake and
tsunami in nearby Tohoku region.

Worst disasters in India
Bhopal Gas Tragedy :1984
 Worlds worst man made disaster in which methyl
isocyanate gas was leaked at Union Carbide Pesticide
Plant
 More than 20,000 people have been killed till date
 Today, in Bhopal 1,20,000 people are suffering from
chronic diseases like Emphysema, Cancer etc.

Worst disasters in
India(cont…)
 In 1999, Orissa had super cyclone ,in which
thousands lost their lives
 In 2001, Gujarat had a severe earthquake in
which 16500 people died and lakhs became
homeless
 In 2004, Indian ocean earthquake and
Tsunami killed more than 200,000 people in
December 2004
 In 2008 ,terror attack in Mumbai

Prevention of man made
disaster
 Tighter regulation of chemical plants and other
hazardous facilities
 Chemical plants be built away from the dense
populous areas
 Appropriate engineering and technological
measures
 Early warnings and protection against human
errors

Disaster managemt and its classification (1).pptx

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