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Similar to diseases of banana- fungal, viral And bacterial diseases
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diseases of banana- fungal, viral And bacterial diseases
- 1.
- 2. Panama wilt /Fusariumwilt of banana • First recognised in 1874 in Australia • In India 1st reported in W. Bengal in 1911 • Considered as most destructive plant disease recorded • Reported where ever susceptible varieties are cultivated
- 3. • Symptoms • Initialsymptoms are yellowing of lower leaves, including leaf blades and petioles- progress to the oldest to the youngest leaves • The leaves hang around the pseudostem and wither • In the pseudostem of the diseased plant, yellowish to reddish streaks are noted with intensification of colour towards the rhizome. • Longitudinal split may occur on the pseudostem • All leaves eventually collapse and die but pseudostem remains upright for 1-2 months
- 4. Panama wilt ofbanana Causal organism- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense • Fungus spreads in the xylem vessels • Causes vascular discolouration which progresses to form continuous yellow, red or brown discoloured vascular strands in the pseudostem and bunch stalk • Fungus grows out of the xylem after the plant death and form chlamydospores
- 5. Panama wilt- epidemiology •The fungus can invade the roots of grasses and other weeds • The pathogen is often present in banana plantations as saprophyte /weak parasite - this accounts for its ability to persists indefinitely in soil • Common alternate hosts are- Heliconia caribaea, Paspalum fasciculatum, Panicum purpuracens, Commelina diffusa etc.
- 6. Management • Exclusion byenforcing strict quarantine regulation • Use of resistant varieties • Corm injection with 2% Carbendazim (TNAU) • Use of tolerant types like Nendran, Red banana, Palayankodan etc.
- 7. Sigatoka leaf spotof banana • First outbreak occurred in sigatoka valley in Fiji in 1912 • Black sigatoka (black leaf streak) first occurred in Fiji in 1970s • Black sigatoka (M.fijiensis) is a mutant of yellow sigatoka • If both species are present simultaneously M. fijiensis is more virulent and it replaces M. musicola
- 8. Sigatoka leaf spotof banana Causal organism- Yellow sigatoka- Pseudocercospora musae (Anamorph) Mycosphaerella musicola (Teleomorph) Black sigatoka – Paracercospora fijiensis (Anamorph) Mycosphaerella musicola (Teleomorph)
- 9. Symptoms Yellow sigatoka • Initialsymptoms appear in the form of light yellowish spots/streaks on the leaves. • These spots enlarge and the colour also changes to dark brown with an yellow halo • Symptoms first appear on the older leaves • In severe cases, numerous spots coalesce, killing large parts of the leaf.
- 10. Symptoms Black sigatoka • Theaffected leaves turn black and dry up suddenly – “Black death” • Symptoms first appear on the younger leaves • Yield loss up to 80%
- 11. Epidemiology • Germination ofspores occurs when a film of water is present • Ascospore infection is more during rain while conidial infection is more during dry season • Rapid spread is favoured by warm (30-35 oC) and humid weather • Ill drained soil and shade favours infection • Other predisposing factors include • Close planting • Heavy weed infestation • Over fertilization • Failure for prompt desuckering
- 12. Management • Field sanitation– cut and burn infected leaves • Use of Tilt (Propiconazole) 0.1% • Alternate use of systemic fungicides with 1% Bordeaux mixture • Heavy oils like mineral oil, mobil oil AF, white oil @ 3 ml/li are effective
- 13. Anthracnose of banana Causalorganism- Colletotrichum musae (Anamorph) Gloeosporium musae (Teliomorph) Affecting ripening and ripe banana First reported from India in 1916
- 14. Symptoms • Disease attacksbanana plants at all stages of growth. • Latent infection starts from the field and the fungus remain quiescent for 5-6 months in the form of subcuticular hyphae • Non-latent infection begin during or after harvest • Symptoms appear as large brown patches covered with a crimson growth of the fungus. • Diseased fruit turns black and the fruit is shriveled
- 15. Epidemiology • Disease isfavored by high temperature and humidity • Use of susceptible varieties and fruit injuries • Conidia disperse through air and insects also help its dispersal Management • Removal of distal end is recommended after the opening of all the hands • Protective spraying with systemic fungicides ie. Benlate 0.1%
- 16. Cigar end rotof banana Causal organism- Verticillium theobromae Widespread in India Reported from all banana growing areas Affects the ripening fruits
- 17. Symptoms Infection starts whenthe young developing fruit get injured Infected fruit develop necrosis on the pistillate end and the fruit skin becomes folded and shrunken as the infection spreads The rotted portion of the banana finger is dry and tends to adhere to fruits (appears similar to the ash of a cigar)
- 18. Management Removal of distalbud after opening of all the hands Protective spraying with systemic fungicides ie. Benlate 0.1%
- 19. Bacterial diseases ofBanana Moko disease of banana Rhizome rot/tip over of banana Banana blood disease Bugtok of banana
- 20. Moko disease ofbanana Causal organism- Ralstonia solanacearum • Also known as bacterial wilt • Noticed in all banana growing tracts
- 21. Moko disease ofbanana Symptoms • In the initial stage it is characterized by the yellowish discoloration of the inner leaf lamina close to the petiole. • The leaf collapses near the junction of the lamina with the petiole • Most of the leaves exhibit wilt within a week
- 22. Symptoms cont.. • Presenceof yellow fingers, tender leaves of suckers turn yellow and necrotic • Young sword suckers show wilting and blackening • Vascular discoloration can be seen in the pseudostem if cut transversely
- 23. Epidemiology Bacterium is soilborne Infected suckers are major source of inoculum Insect pests help to disseminate the bacteria oozing out through the wounds Many other plants serve as symptomless carriers (eg. Heliconia) Management • Plant quarantine and phytosanitary measures • Select healthy suckers for planting • Remove collateral hosts like Helicornia, solanaceous plants etc • Disinfestation of tools • Use of tissue cultured plants • Male flower buds should be removed to avoid infection by insect transmission • Crop rotation with non host crops- eg. Sugar cane, rice etc
- 24. Rhizome rot andtip over of banana Causal organism- Erwinia sp. Sporadic disease in Kerala Symptoms • Newly planted suckers get affected, leading to rotting and emitting of foul odor • In older plants rotting at the collar region and leaf bases are seen • In advanced cases, trunk base becomes swollen and split • Infected plants topple down easily
- 25. Management Field sanitation Sanitation ofirrigation water with bleaching powder @5kg/Ha and Copper oxychloride 0.4%
- 26. Banana blood disease Causalorganism - Pseudomonas celebensis First reported in Indonesia Commonly noticed in Pisang kapok cultivar
- 27. Symptoms • Symptoms aresimilar to Moko • Fully expanded leaves show transient yellowing and loss of turgor, desiccation and necrosis • Base of the petiole rots and collapses causing wilted leaves to form skirting around the pseudostem • Droplets of a thick milky white, yellow or red brown liquid ooze out from the vascular tissues of infected plants at cut surfaces
- 28. Management • Phytosanitation andstrict quarantine measures • Disinfestation of tools • Use of herbicides like 2,4-D to kill infected plants
- 29. Bugtok of banana Causalorganism- Ralstonia solanacearum Endemic and widely distributed disease of cooking banana in the Philippines Bugtok – local term which describes infected fruit, which are discoloured and hard even after ripening
- 30. Symptoms • External diagnosticsymptoms can be seen only in plants with intact male inflorescence • The old bracts do not dehisce and give a dried, loose appearance • Yellow to reddish brown bacterial exudates are noticed from freshly opened male flowers and from cut peduncles
- 31. Management • Adopt quarantineand phytosanitory measures • Use healthy disease free suckers • Disinfestation of tools • Use of tissue cultured plants • A 9 month crop rotation with sorghum/ grasses reduces bacterial population in soil
- 33. Viral diseases ofBanana Bunchy top of banana Kokkan disease of banana Infectious chlorosis Banana streak mosaic disease Banana die back disease Abaca mosaic disease Banana mild mosaic disease
- 34. Bunchy top ofbanana Causal agent- Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) Vector: Banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa)
- 35. Symptoms • The affectedleaf shows green streaks along the secondary vein on the under side of the lamina and on the midrib and petiole • Morse code symptom- streaks vary from a series of dark green dots to a continuous dark green line • Progressive reduction in size of leaves, marginal chlorosis and curling are other symptoms • Diseased plants remain stunted and do not produce bunch of any commercial value
- 36. Epidemiology • All Musaspecies and cultivars are susceptible • Alternative hosts of BBTV includes Canna indica, Colocasia esculenta, Alpinia purpurata, Hedychium coronarium etc. • Secondary transmission of the disease is carried out by the vector • Infected vegetative planting material serves as the source of long area distribution
- 37. Management • Use virusfree planting material • Restrict movement of infected planting material and eradication of diseased plants • Apply lime @1 kg/pit 10 days before planting
- 38. Kokkan disease ofbanana Causal organism- Banana Bract Mosaic Virus (BBrMV) Characterized by flexuous rod shaped particles 750X 11nm in size
- 39. Symptoms • Characteristic darkreddish brown mosaic pattern in the bracts of the inflorescence • Leaves let oriented to opposite sides resembling the traveller's palm • Dark coloured streaks, stripes or spindle shaped marks are seen on the pseudostem • Chlorotic streaks occur on the bunch stalks also • Sometimes abnormal elongation of bunch stalk and uneven ripening of the fruits
- 41. Epidemiology • Not soilborne • Transmitted through infected suckers • Transmitted in a non persistent manner by vectors • Aphis gossypii • Pentalonia nigronervosa • Rhophalosiphum maidis Pentalonia nigronervosa
- 42. Banana mosaic/ Infectiouschlorosis Causal organism- Cucumber mosaic virus Symptoms • Characterized by interveinal chlorosis of the foliage • Light yellow streaks run parallel to leaf veins giving the leaf a striped appearance • In severe cases rotting of the heart leaf and the central cylinder
- 43. Epidemiology • Cucumber mosaicvirus has a wide host range • Transmitted by several species of aphids Eg. Aphis gossypii, Rhopalosiphum maydis
- 44. Management of viraldiseases of banana • Regular surveillance, roguing, and eradication of diseased plants play an important role • Use virus free planting materials for propagation • Quarantine regulations- Government legislation should be effectively imposed for restricting the movement of diseased planting materials • Apply lime @ 1kg/pit 10 days before planting • Insecticide application to manage vectors • Good nutrition management help to minimize the impact of disease
- 45.
- 46. • Most importantdiseases are 1. Panama wilt 2. Sigatoka leaf spot 3. Moko wilt 4. Rhizome rot 5. Bunchy top 6. Kokkan disease