DISEASES OF MUSTARD AND CHILLI BY DWIGPAL SHAHI

DISEASES OF MUSTARD AND CHILLI BY DWIGPAL SHAHI

• 1.
  Topic: Disease ofMustard & Chilli Subject: their management. SUBMITTED TO: Dr. Abhilasha A David Assistant Professor Dept.of Entomology NAI, SHUATS ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 Disease of Mustard & Chilli Subject: -Disease of Field & Horticulture crops & their management. Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences SUBMITTED TO: A David Professor Dept.of Entomology SUBMITTED BY: Subject Code : PLPT-529 NAME: DWIGPAL SHAHI ID: 18BSCAGH128 SECTION: B SEMESTER: 6TH COURSE: B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture 2 Disease of Field & Horticulture crops & Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences SUBMITTED BY:- 29 DWIGPAL SHAHI 128 COURSE: B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture
• 2.
  1)MUSTARD SCLEROTINIA STEM ROT: Causalorganism : Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Symptom  The stems develop water-soaked spots which later may be covered with a cottony white growth.  As the disease progresses, affected portions of the stem develop a bleached appearance, and eventually the tissues shred.  Girdling of the stem results in premature ripening and in lodging of plants.  Hard black bodies, the sclerotia, are formed inside the stem and occasionally on the stem surface. Basal stalk infections rarely occur.  Yield loss of 10 to15% has occurred in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and North Dakota; occasionally losses of 50% have occurred in Manitoba Survival and spread  The pathogen survives as mycelium in dead or live plants and as sclerotia in infected plant parts or on the soil surface or with seed as contaminant.
• 3.
  Favourable conditions  Highhumidity (90-95%) and average temperature (18-25 o C) along with wind current favours the disease development. Management  Use crop rotation; do not plant highly susceptible crops more than once in four years, including dry edible beans, sunflowers, mustard and canola. Use at least a five year rotation for severely infested fields.  Avoid planting next to a field that had severe Sclerotinia in the past four or five years. Control broad- leaved weeds.  Plant thoroughly cleaned seed. Avoid dense stands of canola. ALTERNARIA BLACK SPOT Causal organism : Alternaria brassicae and A. raphan Symptom  The stems develop water-soaked spots which later may be covered with a cottony white growth.  As the disease progresses, affected portions of the stem develop a bleached appearance, and eventually the tissues shred.  Girdling of the stem results in premature ripening and in lodging of plants.  Hard black bodies, the sclerotia, are formed inside the stem and occasionally on the stem surface. Basal stalk infections rarely occur.  Yield loss of 10 to15% has occurred in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and North Dakota; occasionally losses of 50% have occurred in Manitoba Survival and spread
• 4.
   The diseaseis externally and  The pathogen survives through spores (conidia) or mycelium in diseased plant debris or weed. Favourable conditions  Moist (more than 70% relative humidity) coupled with warm weather (12-25 °C ) and intermittent rains favours disease development Management  Crop rotation helps reduce disease carryover but does not eliminate airborne spores from another field.  Clean seed to remove shrunken seed that may be infected with black spot and have low viability. Use seed with high germination (o Swath badly infected crops early to minimize shattering losses and seed shrinkage due to black spot. Causal organism : Albugo candida The disease is externally and internally seed born. The pathogen survives through spores (conidia) or mycelium in diseased plant debris or weed. Moist (more than 70% relative humidity) coupled with warm 25 °C ) and intermittent development Crop rotation helps reduce disease carryover but does not eliminate airborne spores from another field. Clean seed to remove shrunken seed that may be infected with black spot Use seed with high germination (over 90%). Swath badly infected crops early to minimize shattering losses and seed shrinkage due to WHITE RUST: Albugo candida The pathogen survives through spores (conidia) or mycelium in diseased plant debris or weed.
• 5.
  Survival and spread The pathogen survives through oospores in affected host tissues and soil.  Secondary infection is carried out by sporangia and zoospores which produce new infection. Favourable conditions  Moist (more than 70% relative humidity) coupled with warm weather (12-25 °C) and intermittent rains favours disease development. Management  Argentine varieties are resistant. If growing Polish type canola, select resistant varieties.  See current variety recommendations for information on susceptibility.  Use at least a three year crop rotation. Control volunteer canola and Symptom  White to creamy yellow pustules develop on the lower leaf surface. The pustules, later coalesce to form patches on the lower leaf surface.  Tan-yellow spots develop on the upper leaf surface opposite the pustules.  Pustules may also form on the pods. Infected flowers develop a "staghead" in which the flowers are sterile, malformed and gr and various flower parts may be thick and club enlarged.  Most turnip or Polish varieties of canola as well as brown and oriental mustard are susceptible.  Yield losses are about 1% for each 1% of staghead observed in a field. Yield losses in Manitoba are usually less than 10%. The pathogen survives through oospores in affected host tissues and soil. Secondary infection is carried out by sporangia and zoospores which Moist (more than 70% relative humidity) coupled 25 °C) and intermittent rains favours disease Argentine varieties are resistant. If growing Polish type canola, select resistant See current variety recommendations for Use at least a three year crop rotation. Control volunteer canola and White to creamy yellow pustules develop on the lower leaf later coalesce to form patches on the lower yellow spots develop on the upper leaf surface opposite Pustules may also form on the pods. Infected flowers develop a "staghead" in which the flowers are sterile, malformed and green, and various flower parts may be thick and club-shaped and greatly Most turnip or Polish varieties of canola as well as brown and Yield losses are about 1% for each 1% of staghead observed losses in Manitoba are usually less than 10%. The pathogen survives through oospores in affected host tissues and soil.
• 6.
  susceptible mustard-type weedsin the rotation. DOWNY MILDEW: Causal organism : Peronospora parasitica Symptom  Leaf spots initially are angular, translucent, light green, later developing into grayish-white irregular necrotic (dead) patches.  The stems of flower clusters become swollen.  Frequently associated with white rust. May develop late in the season on turnip-type (Polish) canola varieties. Survival and spread  The pathogen survives as oospores on the affected plant tissues in soil and on weed hosts. Favourable conditions  Atmospheric temperature in the range of 10-20 °C and relative humidity>90% RH favours disease development Management  Destroy crop refuse; crop rotation. Life Cycle
• 8.
  2).CHILLI DAMPING OFF: Causal organism: Pythium aphanidermatum  The populations in nursery seedlings die due to this diseases  Mycelium are hyaline and Aseptate and its has width size 5 micron  Irregular mycelial fibers grown and thus produce irregular shape spores Symptoms  Seedlings killed before emergence  Water soaking and shrivelling of stem  Factors favouring infection:Moist soils poordrainage 90-100% R.H soil temperature 20°C  Impact of disease symptoms shown at after sowing of seeds in seed beds  It will reduce the seed germination percentage  its affects the young seedlings and their stems  lodging of seedlings due to weaken stems  disease affected seedling are seen light brownish colour  diseases spread through seeds and soil. Survival and spread:  Primary: Oospores in soil in case of Pythium Sclerotia in soil in case of Rhizoctonia  Secondary: Zoospores through irrigation water in case of Pythium. Mycelial growth in soil and sclerotia through irrigation water in case of Rhizoctonia.
• 9.
  Favourable conditions:  Heavyrainfall, excessive and frequent irrigation, poorly drained soil and close spacing, high soil moisture with temp around 25  For Rhizoctonia: High soil moisture wit Management  Soil drenching with Copper oxychloride 0.25%  avoid shade places for nursery establishment  use recommended seed rate  avoid flooding type of irrigation and maintain optimum moisture level in nursery Heavy rainfall, excessive and frequent irrigation, poorly drained soil and close spacing, high soil moisture with temp around 25-30 °C For Rhizoctonia: High soil moisture with temp around 30 – 35 °C. Soil drenching with Copper oxychloride 0.25% avoid shade places for nursery establishment avoid flooding type of irrigation and maintain optimum moisture level in nursery Heavy rainfall, excessive and frequent irrigation, poorly drained soil and close spacing, high avoid flooding type of irrigation and maintain optimum moisture level in nursery
• 10.
  FRUIT ROT ANDDIE BACK: Causal organism : Colletotrichum capsica Symptoms  As the fungus causes necrosis of tender twigs from the tip backwards the disease is called die-back Infection usually begins when the crop is in flower. Flowers drop and dry up.  There is profuse shedding of flowers. The flower stalk shrivel and dry up. This drying up spreads from the flower stalks to the stem and subsequently causes die-back of the branches and stem and the branches wither. Partia1lly affected plants bear fruits which are few and of low quality.  On the surface of the soil the necrotic areas are found separated from the healthy area by a dark brown to black band. Survival and spread:  Primary: Mycelium and conidia in acervuli in infected seeds and diseased crop debris  Secondary: Conidia dispersed by rain splash and wind. Favourable conditions: Temp, 28 °C with RH more than 97%, humid weather with rainfall at frequent intervals, intercropping with turmeric which is another host of the fungus. Management  Use of disease-free seeds is important in preventing the disease. Seed treatment with Thiram or Captan 4g/kg is found to be -effective in eliminating the seed-borne inoculum.  Good control of the disease has been reported by three sprayings with Ziram O. 25% Captan 0.2% or miltox 0.2%. Chemicals like wettable sulphur 0.2%, copper oxychloride 0.25% and Zineb 0.15% not only reduced the disease incidence but also increased the yield of fruits.  The first spraying should be given just before flowering and the second at the time of fruit formation.  Third spraying may be given a fortnight after second spraying.
• 11.
  Causal organism :Leveillula Taurica Symptoms  White powdery coating appears mostly on the lower surface and occasionally on upper surface  Correspondingly on the upper surface yellow patches are seen POWDERY MILDEW: Taurica White powdery coating appears mostly on the lower surface and occasionally on upper surface Correspondingly on the upper surface yellow patches are seen White powdery coating appears mostly on the lower surface and occasionally on upper surface
• 12.
   Severe infectionresults in the drying and shedding of affected leaves  Powdery growth can also be seen on branches and young fruits  Diseased fruits do not grow further and may drop down prematurely Survival and spread:  Primary: Dormant mycelium in the infected crop debris  Secondary: Wind dispersed conidia Favourable conditions  Cool dry weather favours conidial germination  High RH favours disease development Management  Spray Wettable sulphur 0.25% or Dinocap (Karathane) 0.05% BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT: Causal organism : Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria Symptoms  The leaves exhibit small circular or irregular, dark brown or black greasy spots. As the spots enlarge in size, the centre becomes lighter Surrounded by a dark band of tissue.  The spot coalesce to form irregular lesions. Severely affected leaves become chlorotic and fall off.  Petioles and stems are also affected. Stem infection leads to formation of cankerous growth and wilting of branches.  On the fruits round, raised water soaked spots with a pale yellow border and produced.  The spots turn brown developing a depression in the centre wherein shining droplets of Bacterial cozen may be observed. Survival and spread:  Primary: Seed borne bacterial cells
• 13.
   Secondary: Bacterialcells spread by rain splash Favourable conditions:  Moderate temperature  High relative humidity  Intermittent rains Management  Seed treatment with 0.1% mercuric chloride solution for 2 to 5 minutes is effective.  Seedlings may be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture 1. Per cent or copper oxychloride 0.25%.  Spraying with streptomycin should not be done after fruits begin to form.  Field sanitation is important. Also seeds must be obtained from disease free plants. : Bacterial cells spread by rain splash Seed treatment with 0.1% mercuric chloride solution for 2 to 5 minutes is effective. may be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture 1. Per cent or copper oxychloride 0.25%. Spraying with streptomycin should not be done after fruits begin to form. Field sanitation is important. Also seeds must be obtained from disease free plants. Seed treatment with 0.1% mercuric chloride solution for 2 to 5 minutes is effective. may be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture 1. Per cent or copper oxychloride 0.25%. Field sanitation is important. Also seeds must be obtained from disease free plants.
• 14.
  Causal organism :Cercospora capsica Symptoms  Leaf lesions typically are brown and circular with small to large light grey centres and dark brown margins. The lesions may enlarge to 1cm or more in diameter and some times coalesce.  Stem, petiole and pod lesions also have light grey centres with dark borders, but they are typically elliptical.  Severely infected leaves drop off prematurely resulting in reduced yield. Survival and spread:  Primary: Dormant mycelium in the infected crop debris, seeds and volunteer plants  Secondary: Wind dispersed conidia Management  Spray twice at 10-15 days interval with Mancozeb 0.25% or Chlorothalonil (Kavach) 0.1%. CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT : capsica Leaf lesions typically are brown and circular with small to large light grey centres and dark brown margins. The lesions may enlarge to 1cm or more in diameter and some times coalesce. petiole and pod lesions also have light grey centres with dark borders, but they are typically Severely infected leaves drop off prematurely resulting in reduced yield. : Dormant mycelium in debris, seeds : Wind dispersed 15 days interval with Mancozeb 0.25% or Chlorothalonil (Kavach) 0.1%. Leaf lesions typically are brown and circular with small to large light grey centres and dark brown margins. The lesions may enlarge to 1cm or more in diameter and some times coalesce. petiole and pod lesions also have light grey centres with dark borders, but they are typically
• 15.
  FUSARIUM WILT: Causal organism: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.capsici Symptoms  Fusarium wilt is characterised by wilting of the plant and upward and inward rolling of the leaves. The leaves turn yellow and die.  Generally appear localised areas of the field where a high percentage of the plants wilt and die, although scattered wilted plants may also occur.  Disease symptoms are characterised by an initial slight yellowing of the foliage and wilting of the upper leaves that progress in a few days into a permanent wilt with the leaves still attached.  By the time above - ground symptoms are evident, the vascular system of the plant is discoloured, particularly in the lower stem and roots. Survival and spread:  Soil and implements Favourable conditions:  Relatively high soil moisture and soil temperature Management  Use of wilt resistant varieties.  Drenching with 1% Bordeaux mixture or Blue copper or Fytolan 0.25% may give protection.· Seed treatment with 4g Trichoderma viride formulation or 2g Carbendazim per kg seed is effective. Mix 2kg T.viride formulation mixed with 50kg FYM, sprinkle water and cover with a thin polythene sheet. When mycelia growth is visible on the heap after 15 days, apply the mixture in rows of chilli in an area of one acre.
• 16.
  VIRAL DISEASES Leaf curl Leaves curl towards midrib and become deformed.  Stunted plant growth due to shortened internodes and leaves greatly reduced in size.  Flower buds abcise before attaining full size and anthers do not contain pollen grains.  The virus is generally transmitted by whitefly. So control measures of whitefly in this regard would be helpful. Mosaic Viruses  Light green and dark green patches on the leaves.  Stunted plant growth during early stages.  Yellowing, chlorotic ring spots on leaves and fruits. Management of viral diseases  Control measures are not known for majority of viral diseases.  Hence, mechanical, cultural methods are mostly recommended.  The infected plants should be uprooted and burnt or buried to avoid further infection.  Avoid monoculture of chilli crop.  Selection of healthy and disease - free seed.  Suitable insecticidal sprays reduce the incidence of viral diseases, since majority of viral diseases are transmitted by insect vectors.  Soaking seeds in a solution containing 150 g Trisodium orthriphosphate per litre of water for 30 minutes inhibits seed - borne inoculum.  Treated seed should be washed with fresh water and dried before sowing.  Nursery beds should be covered with nylon net or straw to protect the seedlings from viral infection.  Raise 2-3 rows of maize or sorghum as border crop to restrict the spread of aphid vectors.  Apply Carbofuran 3G @ 4-5 Kg/acre in the mainfield to control sucking complex and insect vectors selectively.  If it is not possible spray the crop with systemic insecticides. Dimethoate 2ml of Acephate 1g per litre of water.  Collect and destroy infected virus plants as soon as they are noticed. REFERENCES https://saskmustard.com/production-manual/pest-control/diseases/diseases- introduction/index.html
• 17.
  https://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-production/integrated-pest-managment/ipm- for-oilseeds/ipm-strategies-for-mustard-rapeseed/diseases-and-symptoms https://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-production/integrated-pest-managment/ipm- for-spice-crops/ipm-strategies-for-chilli/chilli-description-of-plant-diseases https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/crop_prot_crop%20diseases_oilseeds_ra peseed%20and%20mustard.html https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/crop_prot_crop%20diseases_veg_chilli.ht ml https://www.kisansuvidha.com/chilli-diseases/?v=ad4f1670f142 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_diseases https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mustard_diseases