Distributed and clustered systems
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This document discusses distributed and clustered systems. It defines distributed systems as systems composed of independent computers that communicate over a network. Distributed systems can be client-server systems, where clients request resources from servers, or peer-to-peer systems, where users share resources directly. Clustered systems combine independent computers and shared storage to work together. They provide benefits like high performance, fault tolerance, and scalability.
Distributed and clustered systems
- 1. Distributed and Clustered Systems Mrs.G.Chandraprabha,M.Sc.,M.Phil., Assistant Professor Department of Information Technology V.V.Vanniaperumal College for Women Virudhunagar
- 2. objectives • What is an Operating System? • Distributed Systems Client-Server Systems Peer-to-Peer Systems • Clustered System Types of Clustered systems Attributes of Clustered systems Benefits of Clustered systems
- 3. What is an Operating System? • A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. • Operating system goals: – Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier. – Make the computer system convenient to use. • Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
- 4. Distributed Systems • These types of the operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, with a great pace. • Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared communication network. • Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. • These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems.
- 5. Distributed Systems • It Requires networking infrastructure. • Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area networks (WAN) • May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems. • These system’s processors differ in size and function. • The major benefit of working with these types of the operating system is that it is always possible that one user can access the files or software which are not actually present on his system but some other system connected within this network i.e., remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that network.
- 6. Distributed Systems • The media to carry networks are equally varied. • They include copper wires, fiber strands and wireless transmissions between satellites, microwave dishes and radios. • When computing devices are connected to cellular phones , they create a network. • Even very short range infrared communication can be used for networking. • These networks also vary by their performance and reliability.
- 7. Client-Server systems In client server computing, the clients requests a resource and the server provides that resource. A server may serve multiple clients at the same time while a client is in contact with only one server.
- 8. Client-Server systems Server systems can be broadly categorized as •Compute-server •File –server Compute –server systems : They provide an interface to which clients can send requests to perform an action , in response to which they execute the action and send back results to the client. File-server systems : They provide a file-system interface where clients can create, update, read , and delete files.
- 10. peer-peer systems Peer-to-peer network operating systems allow users to share resources and files located on their computers and to access shared resources found on other computers. However, they do not have a file server or a centralized management source
- 11. peer-peer systems In a peer-to-peer network, all computers are considered equal; they all have the same abilities to use the resources available on the network. Peer-to-peer networks are designed primarily for small to medium local area networks. Nearly all modern desktop operating systems, such as Macintosh OSX, Linux, and Windows, can function as peer-to-peer network operating systems.
- 12. Clustered Systems • Clustered systems are similar to parallel systems as they both have multiple CPUs. • However a major difference is that clustered systems are created by two or more individual computer systems merged together. • Basically, they have independent computer systems with a common storage and the systems work together.
- 14. Clustered Systems • The clustered systems are a combination of hardware clusters and software clusters. • The hardware clusters help in sharing of high performance disks between the systems. • The software clusters makes all the systems work together . • Each node in the clustered systems contains the cluster software. This software monitors the cluster system and makes sure it is working as required. • If any one of the nodes in the clustered system fail, then the rest of the nodes take control of its storage and resources and try to restart.
- 15. Clustered Systems Types of Clustered Systems • There are primarily two types of clustered systems i.e. asymmetric clustering system and symmetric clustering system. Asymmetric Clustering System • In this system, one of the nodes in the clustered system is in hot standby mode and all the others run the required applications. • The hot standby mode is a failsafe in which a hot standby node is part of the system . • The hot standby node continuously monitors the server and if it fails, the hot standby node takes its place.
- 16. Clustered Systems Symmetric Clustering System • In symmetric clustering system two or more nodes all run applications as well as monitor each other. • This is more efficient than asymmetric system as it uses all the hardware and doesn't keep a node merely as a hot standby.
- 17. Clustered Systems Attributes of Clustered Systems • There are many different purposes that a clustered system can be used for. Some of these can be scientific calculations, web support etc. • Load Balancing Clusters : In this type of clusters, the nodes in the system share the workload to provide a better performance. For example: A web based cluster may assign different web queries to different nodes so that the system performance is optimized. Some clustered systems use a round robin mechanism to assign requests to different nodes in the system.
- 18. Clustered Systems Attributes of Clustered Systems • High Availability Clusters : These clusters improve the availability of the clustered system. They have extra nodes which are only used if some of the system components fail. So, high availability clusters remove single points of failure i.e. nodes whose failure leads to the failure of the system. These types of clusters are also known as failover clusters or HA clusters. • Parallel clusters : They allow multiple hosts to access the same data on the shared storage.For example oracle parallel server is a version of oracle’s database that has been designed to run on parallel cluster.
- 19. Clustered Systems Benefits of Clustered Systems • Performance : Clustered systems result in high performance as they contain two or more individual computer systems merged together. These work as a parallel unit and result in much better performance for the system. • Fault Tolerance : Clustered systems are quite fault tolerant and the loss of one node does not result in the loss of the system. They may even contain one or more nodes in hot standby mode which allows them to take the place of failed nodes. • Scalability: Clustered systems are quite scalable as it is easy to add a new node to the system. There is no need to take the entire cluster down to add a new node.
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