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District_heating_2024_updated_20251202.pdf
District heating 2024 Finland
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District_heating_2024_updated_20251202.pdf
- 1. District heating inFinland 2024
- 2. Contents The statistical presentationis divided into three parts. The first part presents statistical graphs. The next section provides statistical analysis. The third part presents future scenarios. Contents • Statistics in graphs • Analysis • Future scenarios 19.11.2025 2
- 3. Statistical year 2024 •In 2024, the electrification of district heating continued. • Non-combustion-based district heat production increased by 12% from 2023. • Non-combustion-based production, especially the production of heat pumps and electric boilers, is likely to grow strongly in the next few years • The supply of fuel has improved from the exceptional years of 2022, when the war in Ukraine began and imports of Russian fuels were stopped. The availability challenges of fuels, such as natural gas, were still somewhat visible in fuel use in 2023. • The sharp rise in the price of fuels, that began in the exceptional years, came to a halt by the end of 2024. • The combustion of hard coal decreased significantly. Coal has been replaced by biomass and non- combustion-based production, among other things. • The year 2024 was on average one degree warmer than the normal year (1991–2020 average). However, the monthly temperatures differed from the average year. • January was considerably colder than normal, but the rest of the year was warmer than normal. 19.11.2025 3
- 4.
- 5. Statistics 2024 19.11.2025 5 ~16700 km district heating networks ~10,4 cent/kWh The average price including taxes ~3,0 million people lives in houses with district heating ~3 mrd. EUR the value of heat sold including taxes 46 % market share* District heating networks in Finland ~33 TWh energy sold annually *market share of heating in residential and apartment buildings
- 6. district heat 46% electricity 16% heat pump,electricity consumption (estimate) 8% heat pump 14% wood 11% fuel oil 4% other 0% Market share of space heating in 2023 19.11.2025 6 Source: Statistics Finland: Energy 2024 –table service, Table 7.2. and ”Energy consumption in households: documentation of statistics” Electricity consumption of heat pumps is estimated by Finnish Energy • Includes residential, commercial and public buildings • Heat pump: ambient heat • Electricity: includes the electricity consumption of heat distribution equipment and electric sauna stoves • Wood: includes the wood used by sauna stoves
- 7. District heat consumptionand connected heat load of the customers 19.11.2025 7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 GW TWh/a Measured consumption (TWh/a) Connected heat load (GW)
- 8. Temperature corrected heatconsumption 19.11.2025 8 • District heat consumption 32,7 TWh (year 2024) • Temperature corrected heat consumption 34,1 TWh • Temperature corrected heat consumption increased 0,6 % from 2023 • Temperature correction takes into account annual temperature differences. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 TWh Measured consumption (TWh) Temperature corrected consumption (TWh)
- 9. Number of customersand the length of networks 19.11.2025 9 10 000 11 000 12 000 13 000 14 000 15 000 16 000 17 000 18 000 100 000 110 000 120 000 130 000 140 000 150 000 160 000 170 000 180 000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 km pc Number of customers Total length of networks
- 10. Specific heat consumptionin district heated buildings 19.11.2025 10 • Specific heat consumption indicates how much energy has been used to heat premises and domestic water per building volume or surface area. • Specific heat consumption has been standardised to correspond to the comparison period 1991-2020 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 kWh/m2,a kWh/m3,a
- 11. District heat supplyand the share of cogeneration 19.11.2025 11 76 % 76 % 75 % 75 % 76 % 73 % 75 % 74 % 75 % 71 % 71 % 72 % 69 % 73 % 72 % 73 % 67 % 68 % 67 % 67 % 60 % 56 % 54 % 43 % 37 % 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 TWh Cogenerated heat Separate heat
- 12. District heat supplyand the fuels used for DH and cogeneration 19.11.2025 12 Total district heat supply 36,0 TWh District heat production by fuels 28,2 TWh Net production of electricity in CHP production 4,5 TWh Fuel energy consumed 40,0 TWh Heat recovery and heat produced by heat pumps 7,8 TWh Heat recovery, heat pumps, electric boilers 21,8% Natural gas 9,1% Coal 7,3% Oil 3,1% Peat 7,3% Waste 14,1% Wood + other bio 58,5% Fuel-based production 78,2 % Share of fuel-based production
- 13. Energy sources fordistrict heat supply in 2024 by fuel category • Carbon neutral*: 74 % • Renewables + Heat recovery + electricity usage of electric boilers • Share of imported fossil fuels in district heat supply 15 % • *Carbon neutral energy sources include those energy sources whose carbon dioxide impact is not reported in heat production. The climate impact of bioenergy is included in the land use sector and emissions from electricity used in district heat production in electricity production. • Waste category includes municipal waste, recovered fuels, demolition wood, impregnated wood, plastic waste and hazardous waste. • Bio share of waste is 53 % and fossil share 47 %. • Other biofuels: other biofuels and mixed fuels • Others: steam, hydrogen 19.11.2025, updated 2.12.2025 13 Forest fuelwood 29,6 % Industrial wood residues 11,3 % Other biofuels 5,4 % Waste 10,3 % Heat recovery 17,6 % Electric boilers 4,4 % Peat 5,8 % Natural gas 7,3 % Coal 4,7 % Oil 3,0 % Others 0,5 % Heat supply 36,0 TWh
- 14. Energy sources fordistrict heat supply in 2024 by fuels 19.11.2025, updated 2.12.2025 14 Forest fuelwood 30% Industrial wood residues 11% Other biofuels 5% Waste 10% Heat recovery 18% Peat 6% Coal 5% Oil 3% Chips from roundwood 22% Forest residue chips 7% Other forest fuel 0% Bark 4% Saw dust 4% Other industrial wood residues 3% Recovered wood 2% Wood pellets and briquettes 3% Other biomass 1% Municipal waste 7% Other waste 3% Heat recovery 12% Heat pumps 6% Electric boilers 4% Milled peat 5% Sod peat 1% Natural gas 7% Light fuel oil 3% Heavy fuel oil 0% Other fuels 0% Heat supply 36,0 TWh
- 15. Energy sources fordistrict heat supply in 2024 and 2023 19.11.2025 15 • Heat recovery: energy that would otherwise go to waste, e.g. heat recovery from wastewater, flue gases, return water from district cooling. • Waste category includes municipal waste, recovered fuels, demolition wood, impregnated wood, plastic waste and hazardous waste. • Others: steam, hydrogen 30% 11% 5% 10% 18% 4% 6% 7% 5% 3% 1% 30% 11% 6% 9% 17% 2% 8% 6% 8% 3% 0% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Forest fuelwood Industrial wood residues Other biofuels Waste Heat recovery Electric boilers Peat Natural gas Coal Oil Others 2024 2023
- 16. Heat generated byelectric boilers 19.11.2025 16 • Electric boilers reduce the use of fuels when electricity price is low. • Alongside electric boilers, there is usually a heat storage. • Electric boilers can also participate in the balancing power market. 16 58 746 1 544 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2021 2022 2023 2024 GWh
- 17. Energy sources fordistrict heat supply 1990-2024 19.11.2025 17 * includes heat pumps, heat recovery and electric boilers • Fossil fuels have increasingly been replaced by biomass, recovered heat and electric boilers. • The use of biomass has increased 1.5-fold since 2019. • The amount of recovered heat has increased doubled since 2019. Fuel consumption is avoided by making use of surplus heat. 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Natural gas Peat Biomass Other Coal Heat recovery and electricity* Waste Oil
- 18. Energy sources fordistrict heat supply 1976-2024 19.11.2025 18 *includes heat pumps, heat recovery and electric boilers 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Natural gas Peat Oil Biomass Other Coal Heat recovery and electricity* Waste
- 19. Energy sources fordistrict heat by region in 2024 19.11.2025 19 • The share of district heat energy sources in combined heat and power plants has been estimated using general coefficients that have not been adjusted to the county-specific level. Uusimaa Varsinais-Suomi Satakunta Kanta-Häme Pirkanmaa Päijät-Häme Kymenlaakso Etelä-Karjala Etelä-Savo Pohjois-Savo Pohjois-Karjala Keski-Suomi Etelä-Pohjanmaa Pohjanmaa Keski-Pohjanmaa Pohjois-Pohjanmaa Kainuu Lappi Ahvenanmaa 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % Bio Waste Heat recovery Electric Boilers Peat Natural gas Coal Oil Others
- 20. Energy sources forDH by region in 2005 and in 2024 Year 2005 Year 2024 19.11.2025 20
- 21. Renewable fuels inthe production of district heat and cogeneration 19.11.2025 21 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 GWh District heat + cogeneration Separate production of DH
- 22. Heat recovery andelectric boilers 19.11.2025 22 • The electric boilers produced 1540 GWh of heat in 2024. • 6250 GWh of district heat was produced by heat recovery • Heat recovery by heat exchangers 4120 GWh • The most significant heat sources: flue gases and industrial processes. • Heat produced by the heat pumps 2130 GWh • The most significant heat sources: sewage, district cooling return water and data centers 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Heat recovery Heat pump Electric boiler GWh
- 23. Total emissions fromdistrict heating 19.11.2025 23 • CO2-emissions from district heat production in 2024 were 2,6 Million tons and decreased by 16 % from the previous year 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 TWh Mill. t CO2 CO2-emissions, Mill. t CO2 District heat production, TWh
- 24. CO2 -emissions fromthe district heat supply 19.11.2025 24 Sources: Statistics Finland (2000…2023), Finnish Energy (1976…1999, 2024) • Specific emissions from district heat production in 2024 were 73 gCO2/kWh, which • Decreased by 22 % from the previous year • Decreased by 64 % since 2010 • Fuels used in combined heat and power production were allocated according to the benefit allocation method 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 g CO2 /kWh
- 25. Price of districtheat (incl. VAT) Average, minimum and maximum values 19.11.2025 25 • The price includes all taxes, demand and energy charges as well as other possible annual charges. Connection fees are excluded. • Weighted average price: 104,33 €/MWh • Arithmetical average price: 102,68 €/MWh 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 €/MWh
- 26. The share ofdistrict heating companies according to the average heat sales price in 2024 (incl. VAT) 19.11.2025 26 • The price includes all taxes, demand and energy charges as well as other possible annual charges. Connection fees are excluded. The graph represents only enterprises that responded to the sales section of the statistics. 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% €/MWh
- 27. Price of districtheat in new buildings (€/MWh) Fixed price + energy fee, incl. taxes 19.11.2025 27 Source: Finnish Energy, District heating prices 07/2024 • The price includes all taxes, demand and energy charges as well as other possible annual charges. Connection fees are excluded. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 €/MWh Detached house (600 m³) Terraced house/Block, small (5000 m³) Block, large (20000 m³)
- 28. District heat consumptionin 2024 19.11.2025 28 Housing 53,8 % Industry 9,4 % Others 36,9 % Total 32,7 TWh
- 29. Distribution of customersaccording to connected heat load 19.11.2025 29 • Number of customers: 160 000 • 130 000 customers in residential buildings • 3,0 million inhabitants 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% … - 20 kW (Detached house) 21 - 290 kW (Block / Office building, small) 291 - … kW (Block / Office building, large) connected heat load, kW %-share, 1990 %-share, 1995 %-share, 2000 %-share, 2005 %-share, 2010 %-share, 2015 %-share, 2020 %-share, 2024
- 30. Production capacity andconnected heat load of the customers 19.11.2025 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 GW Production capacity Connected heat load
- 31.
- 32. Estimated monthly districtheat demand 19.11.2025 32 Year 2024 was 1 °C warmer than the normal period of 1991-2020. • However, monthly temperatures differed from the average year. • January and April were colder than normal, but rest of the year was warmer than normal. The cold winter months exemplify the need for a wide palette of fuels to ensure the security of supply of heating.
- 33. Comparison 2024 -Peak consumptions of district heat and electricity are close to each other 19.11.2025 33 Source: Finnish Energy; estimation is based on Helen preliminary open data 2024 and Entso-E • Hourly consumption of district heat and electricity in 2024 • Despite a significant difference in overall demand for electricity and heat, peak consumptions are relatively close to each other 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 MW Kaukolämmön kysyntä Sähkön kysyntä Heat demand Electricity demand
- 34. Electricity vs heatdemand in winter in 2021 • Demand of district heating (DH) at the time of the peak consumption is about the same magnitude as the demand for electricity. On annual basis the demand of electricity is higher than DH (ca. 85 TWh vs. 35 TWh) • Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants produce a significant amount of electricity (2 500 MW) while producing heat. • District heating reduces electricity demand peaks, in addition to electricity production 19.11.2025 34
- 35.
- 36. Use of fossilfuels and peat is declining rapidly 19.11.2025 36 Source: Member survey in spring 2024 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 2021 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 GWh Coal Gas Oil Peat
- 37. The share ofbiomass and waste in district heating will decrease slightly towards the end of the decade 19.11.2025 37 Source: Member survey in spring 2024 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 2021 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 GWh Biomass Municipality waste Recycled fuels
- 38. Electrifying district heatproduction replaces fossil fuels and peat and reduces the need for energy use of biomass 19.11.2025 38 Source: Member survey in spring 2024 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 2021 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 GWh Electric boilers Waste heat and heat pumps
- 39. Energy sources fordistrict heat supply 1990-2030 19.11.2025 39 Source for 2025-2030: Member survey in spring 2024 *includes heat pumps and heat recovery 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Oil Coal Natural gas Peat Other Biomass Waste Electric boiler Heat recovery*