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Doctoral credit seminar
This document summarizes the impact of various weather parameters on vegetable cultivation based on the doctoral credit seminar of Abha Nutan Kujur. It discusses how climate variability and climate change can significantly impact crop production through changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events. Increased temperatures can negatively affect the growth, development, and quality of vegetables as well as increase pest and disease incidence. Other factors like light intensity, humidity, wind, solar radiation, and elevated carbon dioxide levels can physiological impact vegetables. The document reviews several studies showing effects of these parameters on specific vegetables like tomato, potato, capsicum, cauliflower, and okra.
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Doctoral credit seminar
- 1. DOCTORAL CREDIT SEMINAR of AbhaNutan Kujur Ph.D. Student Title Impact of Weather parameters on Vegetable cultivation DEPARTMENT OF AGROMETEOROLOGY AND ENVIROMENTAL SCIENCE BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, KANKE, RANCHI
- 2. • Climate variabilityis one of the most significant factors influencing year to year crop production, even in high-yield and high technology agricultural areas. • Climate change, which includes increase in temperature, changes in rainfall pattern, sea level rise, salt-water intrusion, generation of floods and droughts is recognized as a global issue. • At present due to anthropogenic activities like industrialization, deforestation and automobiles etc. changes in the climate are being taken place, which will again turn detrimental to life . • The earth temperature has been increasing year after year and the main root cause of rising earth’s temperature is the climate change. • The mean annual temperature of India is increased by 0.460 C over a period of last 111 years since 1901 (24.230 C) to 2012 (24.690 C) (Data Portal India, 2013). • Global combined surface temperatures over land and sea have been increased from 13.680 C in 1881-90 to 14.470 C in 2001-10 (WMO, 2013). • Increase in gases such as CO2, CH4 and nitrous oxide (greenhouse gases) induces high temperature. This temperature increase will alter the timing and amount of rainfall, availability of water, wind patterns and causes incidence of weather extremes, such as droughts, heat waves, floods or storms, changes in ocean currents, acidification, forest fires and hastens rate of ozone depletion . • Climate change may have more effect on small and marginal farmers, particularly who are mainly dependent on vegetables (FAO, 2009). Introduction
- 3. • Vegetables isconsidered as protective foods because of ability to prevent diseases by supplying vitamins and minerals and moreover its nutritional quality is determined by soil factors, temperature, light and CO2 so, a little change in these parameter will bring a drastic change in the quality there by the nutritional value of the vegetables may be reduced or increased for example increase in the level of CO2 improved the vitamin C, sugars, acids and carotenoids in tomatoes. • High-temperature stress has been reported to decrease vitamin C, starch, sugars and many antioxidants especially anthocyanins and volatile flavour compounds in fruits. It has also been reported that climatic fluctuations are known to affect post-harvest quality of vegetables and cause severe losses and affect food safety during storage, for example by causing changes in populations of afla-toxin producing fungi. • The more frequent extreme weather events under climate change may damage infrastructure, with damaging impacts on storage and distribution of vegetables). • Besides low yields, change in nutritional quality, severe postharvest losses, the climate change also affect the pest and disease incidence, host-pathogen interactions, distribution and ecology of insects, time of appearance, migration to new places and their overwintering capacity. • In general, climate change has the potential to modify host physiology and resistance and to alter stages and rates of development of the pathogen.
- 4. 1.Temperature (global average)…….increasing ►0.74 oC increase in 100 years ► Maximum increase in recent 20-25 year ► 0.36 °C increase/100 years in India 2. GHGs…….increasing ► CO2 (ppm) 278 (1750) 313(1960) 365(1905) 375 (2005) 543 (2050) 789 (2080) ► CH4 (ppb) 700 (1750) 1745ppb(1998) CLIMATIC CHANGE/GLOBAL WARMING….Present Scenario (IPCC Report 2007)
- 5. 3. GLACIERS…….shrinking ► PerennialArcticand Antarctic ice 7% per decade ► W. HimalayasIce... 2.5 fold/yr. compared to 1942 ► 26 km long Gangotri Glacier receded @ 7.3m/yr. during 1842-1935…..now it is over 18 m/year CLIMATIC CHANGE/GLOBAL WARMING….Present Scenario (IPCC Report 2007)
- 6. ►Amongst the considerableuncertainties about future, all climate models indicate a rising trend in temperature. ► 1.8 - 4 oC (even more) rise is apprehended by 2100 ► Av. Temp. will continue to rise by 0.1oC a decade even if all sources of emissions are seized today. Future projection of CLIMATIC CHANGE/GLOBAL WARMING (IPCC Report 2007)
- 7. ► Forests, oceansand soil will become less able to absorb CO2, which could contribute another 1.2 oC of warming by the end of the century.. ► In India, greater warming in Northern and Eastern regions than Central & Southern ► Tropical cyclones are to become more intense, with heavier precipitation. Future projection of CLIMATIC CHANGE/GLOBAL WARMING (IPCC Report 2007)
- 8. ► Snow coveris projected to contract. ► Hot extremes, heat waves, and heavy precipitation events will become more frequent. ► Sea level rise would be 20-60 cms by 21st century. Future projection of CLIMATIC CHANGE/GLOBAL WARMING (IPCC Report 2007)
- 9. Climatic factors Air temperature Relative humidity wind Solar radiation precipitation Elevated CO2 Climatic Factors inVegetables Climatic factors Air temperature Relative humidity Wind Solar radiation Precipitation Elevated CO2
- 10. High temperature stress Inhibitionof seed germination Reduction of plant growth Improper development Alteration in photosynthesis Alteration in phenologyAlteration in dry matter partitioning Water loss Yield reduction Reduction of crop quality Oxidative stress Impact of high temperature stress on Vegetables
- 11. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OFEXCESS AND DEFICIT LIGHT ON VEGETABLES Excess light Deficit light 1. Scorching of leaves. 2. Chlorophyll content is reduced. This reduces the rate of light absorption and rate of photosynthesis. 3. Excess light intensity is associated with increase in the temperature of leaves which in turn induces rapid transpiration and water loss. 4. Leaf Water Potential also decreases 5. Due to reduced Leaf water potential stomatal conductance also decreases 1. Etiolation, a morphological manifestion of the adverse effect of inadequate light: it develops white, spindly stems, elongated internodes, leaves that are not fully expanded, and a stunted root system. 2. Stems will be leggy or stretched out. 3. Leaves turn yellow 4. Leaves become too small 5. Leaves or stems are spindly 6. Brown edges or tips on leaves 7. Lower leaves dry up
- 12. 1. Partial/incomplete stomatalclosure. 2. low stomata density. 3. Increased leaf area, leaf area index, and leaf thickness. 4. Increased Photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area 5. Decreased Stomatal conductance causing a reduction of whole canopy transpiration. 6. Increased WUE due to decline in ET. 7. Decreased rate of germination. 8. Seed yield affected adversely. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF ELEVATED CO2 ON VEGETABLES
- 13. Impact of weatheron Tomato Fruit cracking –due to high temp. and high light intensity Blossom end rot – due to high temp. and high moisture Puffiness- due to high temp. and high soil moisture Sunscald- due to high temperature. When the temp.is >35-45 deg C.
- 14. Impact of weatheron Potato Internal brown spot- due to water deficiency Black heart – due to high air and soil temp.
- 15. Impact of weatheron potato Necroses and leaf deformation on potato plant caused by frost Hail damage on leaves of potato plants
- 16. Capsicum Chilling injury incapsicum Blossom end rot- due to high temperature
- 17. Cauliflower Ricyness in cauliflower- due tohigh temp. and high humidity
- 18. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 AmbTemp,NoW-Stress AmbTemp50%W- Stress 32degTmxNoW- Stress 32degTmx50%W- Stress 34degTmxNoW- Stress 34degTmx50%W- Stress Parameters Germination % Flowersper Plant Pl. Ht cm Pods per Plant IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE AND WATER STRESS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA Gunawardhana and Silva (2011)
- 19. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 No Light reduction33% reduction 46% reduction 76% reduction Levels of light Parameters Pl Ht cm No of Leaves Days to flower Leaf Area sq. cm No of Fruits IMPACT OF LIGHT INTENSITIES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA Dada and Adejumo (2015)
- 20. -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 Correlationcoefficient Germination Stage Veg Stage RepStage Das et.al. (2018) CORRELATION BETWEEN OKRA YIELD AND WEATHER PARAMETERS Tmax Tmin RHmorn RHeven
- 21. -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 CorrelationCoefficient Jassid Aphid WhiteFly Tmax Tmin RHmorn RHeven W. Speed CORRELATION BETWEEN WEATHER PARAMETERS AND PEST INFESTATION IN OKRA Burade et.al (2019)
- 22. -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 rvalue Tmx Tmin RHmRHe WS Ev RF Stolonization Tub. Init Tb. Dev Phy. Mat IMPACT OF WEATHER VARIABLES ON LAI OF POTATO AT DIFFERENT STAGES Deewan et.al. (2008)
- 23. -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 rvalues Yield HI Tmax Tmin RHm RHe WSEv RF IMPACT OF WEATHER VARIABLES ON YIELD AND HI OF POTATO Deewan et.al. (2008)
- 24. Temperature Effect onflowering, pollination and fruit set Greater than 350 C Reduced fruit set 18.5-26.50 C Optimum for fruit set Less than 130 C Misshapen or catfaced fruit may result Less than 100 C Poor fruit set EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE DURING FLOWERING AND FRUIT SET OF TOMATO Janice Leboeuf (2004)
- 25. Tr 15 DAT30 DAT 45 DAT 60 DAT 75 DAT P O P O P O P O P O Black -2.2 5.6 -6.6 1.5 -2.5 1.1 -5.9 -0.4 -11 -5.3 Silver black -3.2 2.3 -5.5 0.9 -2.9 1.2 -5.1 -2.7 -11.1 -4.8 Transp arent -3.4 3.3 -6.4 0.7 -5.1 0.9 -5.7 -3.1 -11.3 -6.1 No Mulch -5.3 0.9 -6.6 0.3 -6.5 -3.7 -6.3 -5.4 -10.8 -5.1 STRESS DEGREE DAYS (SDD) IN TOMATO UNDER DIFFERENT MULCH Abhiyakti Jha (2013)
- 26. Tr 15 DAT30 DAT 45 DAT 60 DAT 75 DAT P O P O P O P O P O Black 23.4 25.6 21.4 23.4 25.5 26.5 24 26.9 20.2 24.9 Silver black 22.4 22.3 22.4 22.8 25.1 26.7 24.9 24.6 20.2 25.4 Transp arent 22.2 23.3 21.6 22.6 22.9 26.4 24.3 24.3 20 24.1 No Mulch 20.3 20.9 21.4 22.2 21.5 21.7 23.6 22 20.4 25.1 LEAF TEMPERATURE IN TOMATO UNDER DIFFERENT MULCH Abhiyakti Jha (2013)
- 27. Temperature Effect onflowering, pollination and fruit set Greater than 320 C day temp. Pollen sterility occur, flower may drop At around 160 C Optimum for flowering and fruit set Less than 15.50 C or greater than 240 C Night temp. Poor fruit set Janice Leboeuf (2004) EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE DURING FLOWERING AND FRUIT SET OF CAPSICUM
- 28. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 T1(eCO2) T2(eCO2+eT) T3(aCO2+aT)t4 (natural cond.) Parameters No of Fruits/Plant Fruit Size cm Fruit Wt g Fruit Yld per Plant g EFFECT OF ELEVATED CO2 AND TEMPERATURE ON YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF CAPSICUM Kumari Meena et.al. (2019)
- 29. Weather Effect Ref Tmax:15.4-18.9°C Tmin 4.6-6.8°C, during October, November and December Induced good vegetative growth in cauliflower in Kullu Valley Gill and Singh (1973)Temperature fluctuation in February Adverse Impact on seed yield between 5°C and 17°C, Maximum Vernalization Low at below and above Wurr et al. (1988) average maximum temperature of 26.3°C, minimum temperature of 20.1°C and relative humidity of 88.3- 88.6% effective in stimulating plant growth and curd formation Chatterjee and Som (1990) Effect of Temp rise on vernalization Early sown crop: Reduced duration of vernalization Late sown crop: Increased duration of vernalization Wurr and Fellows (1998) between 9°C and 14°C Optimal temp. range for curd induction of all maturity groups of cauliflower Wurr and Fellows (2000)early summer crops took shorter period whereas the winter cauliflower took the longest period planting to curd initiation EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CAULIFLOWER
- 30. WEATHER EFFECT REF maximum,minimum and mean temperatures were negatively and significantly correlated with number of days curd induction phase and curd maturity phase Ajithkumar (2005) hot weather during the month of August Reduced quality of cauliflower curds Warland et al. (2006) If temperature reached 30°C or more 10% reduction in yield winter season- Tmax less than 30.5°C and av temp around 28.5°C Summer season-Tmax less than 33°C and av temp around 30°C Better yield performance during vegetative and curd initiation stages inside the greenhouse Suseela and Rangaswami (2011) Max. and av.temp. exceeded 33.5°C and 30.5°C Low yield Less in summer season More in winter season vegetative growth Suseela (2012) EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CAULIFLOWER
- 31. High Temp andelevated CO2 level Radiation conversion coefficient is high Wheeler et al. (1995) High temp. Normal CO2 Radiation conversion coefficient is low Incident Radiation Condition Higher Lower higher curd growth Lesser curd growth Rahman et al. (2007a), But curd dry matter accumulation is more efficient under low radiation levels compared to high radiation levels EFFECT OF SOLAR RADIATION ON CAULIFLOWER
- 32. Cooler and wetweather High temp. with no rainfall -higher yield -lower yield Sharma and Parashar (1982) High RH induced riciness in some cultivars of cauliflower Chatterjee and Kabir (2002) humid zone super-humid zone marketable yield was significantly higher Lower Nathoo (2003) WEATHER EFFECT ON CAULIFLOWER
- 33. -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 SHOOT DAMAGE %FRUIT DAMAGE % Tmax RH1 RH2 RF WS Tmin CORRELATION BETWEEN WEATHER PARAMETER AND FRUIT AND SHOOT DAMAGE IN BRINJAL Mutkule et.al,. (2017)
- 34. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 15 20 2530 35 Temperature deg C MycelialGrowthmm Mycelial growth 4DAS Mycelial growth 7 DAS EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON MYCELLIAL GROWTH IN BRINJAL Bochalya et.al,. (2012)
- 35. Adaptation Options tomitigate effect of climate change on vegetable cultivation Drought proofing by mixed cropping Changing varieties/crops/planting time: matching crop phenology with weather/water availability Resource conservation…. Drip Irrigation/sprinkler irrigation/mulching Heat stress alleviation by frequent irrigation Investments in adaptation research capacity: varieties, land use systems, resource conservation technologies, pest surveillance, decision support systems Changes in policies e.g. incentives for resource conservation (C,W,E) and use efficiency, credit for transition to adaptation technologies Greater insurance coverage for the farm Investments in infrastructure for efficient water management Creating alternate livelihood options Precision/protected farming
- 36. Plastic mulch Paddystraw mulch Plastic mulch with increasing yield of tomato Protected cultivation CULTURAL PRACTICES TO MINIMIZE THE HEAT STESS EFFECT
- 37. CONCLUSION IN THE LIGHTOF THESE FEW REPORTED FINDINGS, IT IS THE NEED OF TIME TO GO FOR WEATHER BASED CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLE CROPS TOO, PARTICULARLY IN OUR STATE JHARKHAND WHERE A MAJORITY OF FARMERS EARN THEIR LIVELIHOOD FROM VEGETABLE CULTIVATION