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Drip irrigation and fertigation
- 1. MORE CROP PERDROP
- 2. Agriculture is thebackbone of Indian Economy and Water is the Heart of Agriculture
- 3. • Micro irrigationis one of the latest innovations for applying water and it represents a definite advancement in irrigation technology. • Frequent application of small quantity of water directly, above or below the soil surface; usually as discrete drops, continuous drops, tiny streams, or as miniature sprays through mechanical devices called emitters or applicators, located at selected points along water delivery line. • Types of micro irrigation systems include surface drip, subsurface drip and spray irrigation.
- 4. Irrigation may bedefined as the process of supplying water by artificial means to agricultural fields for crop production. If water available to the plants from rainfall is not sufficient, it is supplemented by irrigation water.
- 5. Insufficient rainfall Uneven distribution of rainfall Growing a number of crops during a year Improvement of perennial crop Development of agriculture in desert area
- 6. Types of Irrigation SurfaceIrrigation Subsurface irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Drip Irrigation
- 7. Surface irrigation isdefined as the group of application techniques where water is applied and distributed over the soil surface by gravity. Flood irrigation Basin irrigation Furrow irrigation
- 8. • Subsurface irrigation(or simply sub irrigation) is the practice of applying water to soils directly under the surface. Moisture reaches the plant roots through capillary action.
- 9. Sprinkling is themethod of applying water to the soil surface in the form of a spray which is somewhat similar to rain. Rotating sprinkler-head systems are commonly used for sprinkler irrigation
- 10. • Also knownas trickle irrigation. • Drip irrigation is a micro irrigation method which optimizes the use of irrigation water by providing it uniformly and directly to the roots of the plants rather than the entire land surface on which the crop is grown, through a closed network of plastic pipes and emitters. • Rate of water application is very low and without any pressure. i.e., drop by drop.
- 11. Scientist Name YearResearch Article Name Result R.A. Marathe, K. Dhinesh Babu, D.T. Chaudhari 2017 Response of Pomegranate to Drip Irrigation System in Light Textured Soils of Semi-Arid Regions 6 emitters fixed on 2 laterals placed on both side of plants 50 cm away from trunk along the row system provide to grow pomegranate on light textured soils. E Fallahi, B Fallahi, M Kiester, S Mahdavi, B Shafii 2017 Water Application for Optimum Yield, Quality, and Mineral Partitioning in Apples under different irrigation systems Fruit from trees receiving 40g N tree had better fruit colour than 80 g N tree. Anureet kaur 2016 Comparative response of Bt cotton to water under drip and check basin methods of irrigation in semi-arid conditions of Punjab highest water use efficiency accompanied by 25% higher seed cotton yield and 18% of saving in irrigation water as compared with check basin method of irrigation.
- 12. Scientist Name YearResearch Article Name Result Name Singh and M C Sood 2016 Productivity of potato (solanum tuberosum) As Influenced by wide raised bed planting patterns Under drip irrigation paired and triple row raised bed planting patterns also minimized the cost of drip installation by 35-40% against conventional planting with drip irrigation. Sikarwar Pushpendra and Hardaha M.K. 2016 Effect of fertigation levels on growth, quality and yield of polyhouse cucumber Fruit length and girth were not affected by fertigation levels but fruit weight was affected. K.V.R. Rao, A. Bajpai, S. Gangwar, Chourasia k. Soni 2016 Maximising water productivity of wheat crop by adopting drip irrigation T3 and T4 treatments indicating the drippers spaced at 30 cm could be recommended to lower the cost of the drip system in wheat crop. S.R. Ughade U.V. Mahadkar 2016 Nutrient uptake and fertilizer use efficiency of brinjal as influenced by planting density, irrigation and fertigation levels under drip irrigation Maximum fertilizer use efficiency was recorded due to 80% RDF through drip irrigation.
- 13. Scientist Name YearResearch Article Name Result Dilip Singh Kachwaya J. S. Chandel Ghumare Vikas Babita Khachi 2016 Effect of drip and furrow irrigation on yield and physiological performance of strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Duch.) cv.Chandler In drip irrigation 16–30 % increase in yield in case of 100 % Etc irrigation treatment over furrow irrigations treatment. Warwick R. Adams, Ketema T. Zeleke 2016 Diurnal effects on the efficiency of drip irrigation irrigating overnight or early morning, compared to in the afternoon, will result in higher water use efficiency. Ahmed A.M. Al-Ogaidi, Aimrun Wayayok, M.K. Rowshon, Ahmad Fikri Abdullah 2016 The influence of magnetized water on soil water dynamics under drip irrigation system The results revealed that using magnetized water is recommended especially in homogeneous soil profiles. Dilip Singh Kachwaya J. S. Chandel Ghumare Vikas Babita Khachi 2016 Effect of drip and furrow irrigation on yield and physiological performance of strawberry (Fragaria 3 ananassa Duch.) cv. Chandler The results revealed that drip irrigation at 120 % gave significantly higher fruit yield compared with drip irrigation at 80 and 60 % ETc and furrow irrigation.
- 14. • Basic ideaof drip irrigation came from experiments in Germany in 1860's. • An important breakthrough was made in Germany way back in 1920 when perforated pipe drip irrigation was introduced. • During the early 1940's Symcha Blass, an engineer from Israel, observed that a big tree near a leaking tap exhibited more vigorous growth than other trees in the area. This led him to the concept of an irrigation system that would apply water in small quantity literally drop by drop. • In India drip irrigation was practised through indigenous methods such as perforated earthenware pipes, perforated bamboo pipes and pitcher/porous cups and was introduced in the early 70's at agricultural universities and other research institutions. • In 1981, the Government of India constituted National Committee on the Use of Plastics in Agriculture (NCPA) under the Ministry of Chemicals and Petrochemicals. • Later NCPA was re-named as National Committee on Plasticulture Applications in Horticulture (NCPAH) in 2001 in the Ministry of Agriculture under the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation with Hon’ble Minister of Agriculture as its Chairman. • GOI is providing subsidy to farmers for the plasticulture applications in water management (drip and sprinkler) which is channelised through state directorate of horticulture/agriculture.
- 15. Earthenware pitchers andporous cups have been used for growing vegetable crops in Rajasthan and Haryana.
- 16. • To usewater efficiently • No water to runoff or evaporation • It Reduces water contact with crop leaves, stems and fruits. • Agriculture chemicals can be applied more efficiently.
- 17. • Pumping set •Filters • Mainlines • Sub-main • Laterals • Drippers/emitters
- 18. • Pumping set: Tocreate a pressure about 2.5 Kg/sq cm to regulate the amount of water to be supplied. • Filter : To filter the water in Order to remove the suspended impurities from water.
- 19. • Main lines: –It is a Distribution system in drip irrigation. Rigid PVC and high density polyethylene pipes are used as main pipes to minimized corrosion and clogging. – Pipes of 65 mm diameter and with pressure rating of 4 to 10 kg/sq. cm • Sub Main: – It is usually connected to the main lines through a control valve assembly. – The function of its to distributes water uniformly to a number laterals.
- 20. • Drippers/emitters: – Itis fitted to a drip irrigation lateral and intended to emit water in the form of drops or continuous flow at emitter rates not exceeding 15 liters/hr. – Drippers function as energy dissipated, reducing the inlet pressure head in the lateral, which generally range from 0.3 to 1.5 atmosphere .
- 21. Soil Type AndWater Movement The application Of Water Is By Drippers 21
- 23.
- 25. Vm = Kcx Kp x Cc x Ep x A In which Vm = Monthly Irrigation water requirement, Kc = Crop coefficient Cc = Canopy factor Kp= Pan evaporation factor (0.8) Ep = Normal monthly evaporation A = Area to be irrigated, m2
- 26. State Drip SprinklerTotal Haryana 24524 548608 573133 Rajasthan 181943 1502329 1684272 Total 3308147 4315098 7623247 Source: Horticultural Statistics at a Glance 2015
- 28. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2005 2010 20122015 Area under micro irrigation (mm hectares), 2005-2015 Area under micro irrigation (mn hectares), 2005-2015 3.0 4.94 6.14 7.7 59% 41% Micro irrigation by type,2012 Sprinkler irrigation Drip irrigation 56% 44% Micro irrigation by type,2015 Sprinkler irrigation Drip irrigation Source - IndiaStat; Grant Thornton analysis
- 29. • Saving waterup to 40 - 60% • Yield increase from 20 - 50% • Reduced labour cost • Highly uniform distribution of water • No soil erosion and evaporation • Less incidence of disease, pest and weed • Reductions in deep percolation, in surface runoff and in evaporation from the soil. • Poor quality water can be more safely used • High returns per unit area and time • High water use efficiency • No need for a drainage system. • Fertilizers application • Over irrigation is avoided
- 30. • Requires veryclean water. The small openings or paths in an emitter can be clogged by soil particles, organic matter, minerals and sediment in the water and algae growth. • The sun can affect the tubes used for drip irrigation, shortening their usable life. Longevity is variable. • System is subject to damage by animals, rodents, insects, and machines. • Generally, not suited or recommended for close growing crops like grasses. • Requires a higher level of design and management than other systems. • May require higher initial and annual investment than other types of irrigation. • Require skilled labour for operating the system
- 31. In farms, orchards Dripirrigation in orchards
- 32. In Greenhouse andPolyhouse Drip irrigation in polyhouse
- 33. For cultivation inroof gardens In shopping malls and embankments In steep slopes In residential gardens
- 34. Fertigation isa process, in which, fertilizer is dissolved, diluted and distributed along with water in drip or sprinkler irrigation system. In other word, fertigation is the process of application of water soluble solid fertilizer or liquid fertilizers through micro irrigation system.
- 35. Uneven growthin fertilizer consumption resulting in state-wise crop-wise variation in consumption. Mining of nutrients from the soil at alarming rate (soil fertility depletion due to inadequate and imbalanced fertilizer use). Decline in crop response to fertilizer. Stagnation in fertilizer production. Weakening relationship between fertilizer use and food grain production. Increasing dependence on fertilizer imports.
- 36. • Maximize profitby applying right amount of water and fertilizer at right time. • Minimize adverse environmental effects by reducing leaching losses of fertilizers and other chemicals below the root zone.
- 37.
- 38. • Modern fertigationequipment should be able to regulate: - quantity applied - duration of applications - proportion of fertilizers - starting and finishing time • It is important to select an injection method that best suits the irrigation system and the crop to be grown. • Each fertilizer injector is designed for a specified pressure and flow range.
- 39. 1. Fertilizer tank(By pass system) 2. Venturi Injector 3. Fertilizer injection pump
- 40. In this systempart of irrigation water is diverted from the main line of flow through a tank containing the fertilizer in a fluid or soluble solid form.
- 41. This is verysimple and low cost device. A partial vacuum is created in the system which allows suction of the fertilizers into the irrigation system through ventury action.
- 42. These are pistonor diaphragm pumps which are driven by the Water pressure of the irrigation system and such as the injection rate is proportional to the flow of water in the system. A high degree of control over the fertilizer injection rate is possible.
- 43. Advantages Relatively uniformfertilizer applications and distribution Flexibility in timing of application Less fertilizers used and minimum nutrient loss Reduced costs, save labour and energy Even distribution of nutrients throughout the root zone Reduced energy demand
- 44. Potential contaminationhazard from equipment malfunctions Backflow prevention devices required Careful handling of liquid fertilizer required May require expert design and installation
- 45. Lacking theinformation Selection of appropriate fertigation technology Its rate of application Amount to be applied and frequency of application The fertigation material is either not available in desired form or available at higher price Lack of knowledge about chemical technique Require safety measures
- 46. Rashtriya Krishi VikasYojna (RKVY), Dept of Agriculture, Haryana 50% subsidy on installation of Sprinkler Irrigation System. • For judicious use of ground water 50% subsidy on installation of sprinkler irrigation system is being provided to the farmers in the state with a max. limit of Rs 7500/ha. For Drip Irrigation 50-60% subsidy is provided to farmers. 35% of total cost of installation for small and marginal farmers provided by govt. 25% of total cost of installation for other farmers in non DPAP/NE and H region provided by govt. 35-50% of total cost of installation DPAP/NE and H region provided by govt.
- 47. • Drip irrigationis a latest surface and sub-surface methods of irrigating water with higher water demands in arid region. • It may not be applicable to all farms. Yet, when properly designed, installed and managed, drip irrigation may help achieve water conservation by reducing evaporation and deep drainage when compared to other types of irrigation such as flood or overhead sprinklers since water can be more precisely applied to the plant roots. • In addition, drip can eliminate many diseases that are spread through water contact with the foliage. It also results reduced energy costs.