Early childhood development

Early childhood development

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  TRENDS AND ISSUEIN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT TOPIC-PHYSICAL AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT, EMOTIONAL, SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT M.Manjuladevi I.M.Sc (Home Science) Sri Meenakshi Government Arts College for Women(A).
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  GROWTH AND PHYSICALDEVELOPMENT
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  GROWTH(OR)PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT • Althoughchildren grow very rapidly over the first two years, growth slows during early childhood. • From ages 2 through 6, the average child grows 2 to 3 inches taller and gains nearly 5 pounds in weight each year. • The average 6-year-old child weighs about 45 pounds and is about 46 inches tall. • Genetics plays a role in physical development. • Children’s height and rate of growth is closely related to that of their parents’. • Genes influence the rate of growth by stipulating the amount of hormones to be released. • Hormones are chemicals that are produced and secreted into the bloodstream by glands.
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  GROWTH(OR)PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT • Hormonesinfluence cells and are a way in which genetic instructions are transformed into physical development. • Growth hormone is secreted from birth and influences growth of nearly all parts of the body. • Children with growth hormone deficiencies show slowed growth , but growth hormone supplements can stimulate growth when needed . • Ethnic differences in patterns of growth are apparent in England, France, Canada, Australia, and the United States. • Generally, children of African descent tend to be tallest, then those of European descent, then Asian, then Latino. • However, there are many individual differences. • Even within a given culture, some families are much taller than others
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  Motor development
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  MOTOR DEVELOPMENT • Therefinement of motor skills that use the large muscles of the body—as well as those that tap hand-eye coordination and require subtle movements—is an important developmental task of early childhood.oss • Gross motor development: Between the ages of 3 and 6, children make great advances in gross motor skills, those that use the large muscles, such as running and jumping. They become physically stronger, with increases in bone and muscle strength as well as lung capacity. • Fine motor development: Fine motor skills like the ability to button a shirt, pour milk into a glass, put puzzles together, and draw pictures involve eye–hand and small muscle coordination.
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  MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AGE GROSSMOTOR SKILL FINE MOTOR SKILL 2–3 years Walks more smoothly, runs but cannot turn or stop suddenly, jumps, throws a ball with a rigid body an catches by trapping ball against chest, rides push toys using feet Unzips large zippers, puts on and removes some clothing, uses a spoon 3–4 years Runs, ascends stairs alternating feet, jumps 15 to 24 inches, hops, pedals and steers a tricycle Serves food, can work large buttons, copies vertical line and circle, uses scissors
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  MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AGE GROSSMOTOR SKILL FINE MOTOR SKILL 4–5 years Runs more smoothly with control over stopping and turning, descends stairs alternating feet, jumps 24 to 33 inches, skips, throws ball by rotating the body and transferring weight to one foot, catches ball with hands, rides tricycle and steers effectively Uses scissors to cut along a line, uses fork effectively, copies simple shapes and some letters 5–6 years Runs more quickly, skips more effectively, throws and catches a ball like older children, makes a running jump of 28 to 36 inches, rides bicycle with training wheels. Ties shoes, uses knife to cut soft food, copies numbers and simple words
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  Social and emotionaldevelopment
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  SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT • From2-6 years, children learn how to make social contacts and how to get along with people outside the home, especially children of their own age. • They learn to adapt themselves to others and how to cooperate in play activities. • Early childhood is often called the “pre-gang age”. • During this stage, children begin to enjoy the company of other people, but are still possessive. • Playing alongside other children is more common than playing with other children. • Gradually , they learn to put themselves aside and take more of an interest in other people by becoming more agreeable and social
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  EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT • Understandingof others, emotions increasingly accurate. • Emotional self regulation improves. • More self- conscious emotions (shame , guilt) as self –concept develops. • Empathy, sympathy, and pro-social behavior increase. • Develop self- awareness and recognize the effect they have on other people and things.
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  Intellectual development
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  INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT • Observe •Explore • Manipulate • Listen • Make prediction • Reflect • Identify characteristic of objects and events • Classify items • Experiment • Make connection to past experiences • Use different strategies to solve to solve problems • Ask questions