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Earthquake and tsunami
This document provides information about earthquakes and tsunamis. It defines key earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, and magnitude. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Different types of seismic waves transmit energy from the earthquake. Mitigation aims to reduce vulnerability, while management coordinates disaster response. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake triggered a tsunami that caused widespread damage. A 2015 Nepal earthquake also had devastating impacts due to its shallow depth and location near Kathmandu.
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Earthquake and tsunami
- 1. Department : CivilEngineering Group-6 Submitted by: i.Masud Alam Ansari (11716156) iv. Ganesh S ii. Md. Rohit (11714779) v. Md. Zaid(11700539) iii. Subash Kr sahani (11716699) vi. Sahil & Tsunami
- 2. Table of Contents ď‚—Introduction ď‚— Term related to Earthquake ď‚— Causes and Impact of Earthquake ď‚— Theory of Plate tectonics ď‚— Types of Seismic Waves ď‚— Mitigation and Management ď‚— Earthquake Magnitude ď‚— Architectural Design Principles and Construction Technique ď‚— Tsunami ď‚— Case Study
- 3. Introduction An earthquake isa violent shaking of earth’s surface due to sudden release of large amount of energy that has accumulated over a long time inside the earth. Naturally:- 90% Man made:- 10%
- 4. Example Series of wavesare produced on the surface of water, these waves spread out in all directions from the point where the stone strikes the water.
- 5. Term related toEarthquake • Focus • Epicenter • Focal Depth • Epicentral Distance
- 6. Causes of Earthquake Surface causes  Volcanic causes  Tectonic causes • Surface Causes-Dynamic Agencies Operation i.Machinary ii.Nuclear test iii. Mining blast iv. Locomotives
- 7. ď‚— Volcanic causes-Pressure exerted by movement of hot molten lava. ď‚— Tectonic causes- Relative movement of rock masses , Development of new fault line.
- 8. Impact of Earthquake ď‚—Loss of life and property. ď‚— Damage to transport system. ď‚— Structural damage to buildings. ď‚— Tsunami ď‚— Water pipes, sewers are disrupted. ď‚— Communications such as telephone wires are damaged. ď‚— Economic activities like agriculture, industry, trade and transport are severely affected.
- 9. Theory of Platetectonics - The outer most layer of earth’s surface consists of major tectonic plates. - These plates comprises of outer crust, some portion of mantle floating on hot molten outer core
- 10. Earthquake occur dueto interplate actions or movement of plates in different directions at different speed. There are 3 Types of Interplate actions:- • Divergent boundary ( Move away) • Convergent boundary (Move toward) • Transform boundary (Mode side by side)
- 11. Seismic Waves -Waves transmittedin all the direction passing through earth’s surface . Types of Waves • Surface Waves (Travel along the surface of the earth ) • Body waves ( Travel through the earth layer) • P- waves • S- waves
- 12. Body waves  Primarywaves- Materials particle vibrate in the direction of propagation of the wave.(1st recorded at station) • Secondary wave- Materials particle vibrate at the right angle to the direction of propagation of the wave.
- 13. Mitigation and Management Mitigation -To reduce the effect of hazard itself and the Vulnerability conditions. • Physical Vulnerability: -Related to Building, infrastructure. • Social Vulnerability:- Related to Socially marginalized groups like women, physically challenged etc. • Economic Vulnerability:- The poor people who have a little to cope up with any disaster as it completely destroys.
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- 15. ď‚— Management -Effectively andEfficiently managing a Disaster situation.
- 16. Earthquake Magnitude - Measureof the amount of energy released during Earthquake .( Quantitative measure)
- 17. Architectural Design Principles andConstruction Technique • Plan and elevation of the building should be simple.
- 18. Cont….. • Jacketing -when thestructural member is enclosed from 3 sides with new concrete and steel
- 19. Cont…  Seismic baseIsolation -Separating the structure and foundation by introduction of flexible layer.
- 20. Cont…  Seismic Damper -Itis used in place of structural elements, like diagonal braces, for controlling seismic damage in structures. ( Absorb Seismic Energy)
- 21. Tsunami Introduction - Tsunami isa series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean. Causes of Tsunami  Earthquake • Volcanic eruption • Underwater explosion
- 23. Cont…  -Tsunami isshould not be known as tidal waves. Tsunamis are sometimes incorrectly called "tidal waves" -- tsunamis are not caused by the tides (tides are caused by the gravitational force of the moon on the sea). Regular waves are caused by the wind.
- 24. Sign Of AnApproaching Tsunami ď‚— Often no advance warning of an approaching Tsunami. ď‚— An earthquake felt near a body of water may be considered an indication that a tsunami will shortly follow.
- 25. Case study Indian Oceanearthquake and Tsunami 2004 ď‚— Date:-26th December 2004 ď‚— Depth:- 30,000 m ď‚— Location:- Banda Aceh, Indonesia ď‚— Total damage:- 1,500 crores USD
- 26. Case Study Nepal Earthquake2015  Date:- 25th April 2015  Magnitude :- 8.1  Focal Depth:- 8.2 km  Epicenter :-28.230°N 84.731°E ( Kathmandu)  Area affected:- Nepal India Bangladesh Bhutan • Total Damage:-$ 10 Billion • Death :- 8600 (No of people)
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- 28. Damages and effects ď‚—Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country, especially those near the epicenter. ď‚— The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the earthquake. ď‚— Nepal, with a total GDP of USD$19.921 billion is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own.
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