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Earthquakes and volcanoes
The document outlines the learning outcomes related to earthquakes and volcanoes, detailing definitions, formation processes, types, features, and impacts on the environment and people. It describes the characteristics of volcanoes, including their formation at plate boundaries and their various types, and explains earthquakes, including their causes and how they are measured. Additionally, it discusses both the opportunities and primary/secondary effects of volcanic activity and earthquakes, as well as strategies for reducing impacts.
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Overview of earthquakes and volcanoes; learning outcomes include understanding types, features, distribution, causes, and impacts.
Definitions of volcanoes and earthquakes, types of volcanoes, and mechanisms of their formation at geological boundaries.
Visually shows what volcanoes look like.
Introduction to three main types of volcanoes: Composite, Shield, and Dome; classifications of active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes.
Description and causes of earthquakes; complications of formation due to tectonic plate movement and human activity.
Methods of recording earthquakes, instruments used, and scales for measuring magnitude and effects.
Opportunities provided by volcanoes including fertile soils, geothermal energy, raw materials, and tourism.
Primary and secondary effects; factors influencing damage during earthquakes including strength, depth, and population density.
Short-term and long-term responses to mitigate the impacts of seismic activity and living conditions in hazardous areas.
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Earthquakes and volcanoes
- 1. Earthquakes and Volcanoes IGCSE Mr. YonasGemeda March 2021
- 2. Learning Outcomes • Atthe end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Describe the main types and features of volcanoes and earthquakes • Describe and explain the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes • Describe the global pattern of plates, their structure, movement and the effects of plate movement • Describe the causes of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and their effects on peole and the environment ……….
- 3. Basic Definition Volcanoes • Volcanois a cone shaped mountain (land form) formed by eruptions of the lava at the surface of the Earth Earthquakes • Earthquake is a sudden and often violent shift in the rocks forming the Earth’s crust, which is felt at the surface
- 4. The Main Typesand Features of Volcanoes • What does it mean? • A volcano is a landform, often the size of a mountain or hill, typically conical in shape, having a Crater or Vent through which Lava, rock fragments, hot gases and steam are or have been erupted through the earth’s crust.
- 5. How it Forms? Volcanoesusually form in three possible location • At constructive (divergent )plate boundaries : when two tectonic plates move away from each other • At destructive (convergent) plate boundaries: when two plates move towards each other • At hot spots : over thinner, weaker areas toward the center of tectonic plate
- 6. What it lookslike
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- 9. Types of Volcano •There are three main types of volcano, based on their shape and what they are made’ 1. Composite or strato 2. Shield 3. Dome
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- 11. Volcanoes can be •An active volcano • A dormant volcano • An extinct volcano
- 12. The Main Featuresof Earthquakes • Earthquake mean? • an Earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy that causes the Earth’s crust to shake, sometimes violently.
- 13. How it Forms? •as plates move, the rocks on their edges may become locked together until, at the weakest point along plate boundary a fault line they tear apart, or rapture and this release the strain • by the movement of magma inside volcano. these earthquake can serve warning as an early warning of volcanic eruptions.
- 14. How it Forms? •some human activities also triger earth quakes, such as: • underground nuclear explosion • creation of large reservior
- 15. Main Features • focus:an earthquakes point of initial tearing, or rapture inside the eart’s crust • epicenter: the location on the surface of the earth above the focus or origin of the earthquake • fault line: a fracture or break in the earth surface along which rocks are moved alongside each other
- 16. How it willbe Recorded? • earthquakes are recorded with a sesimometer or sesimograph, with the results displayed on sesimogram. • records of sesmic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of the earth and locate and measure the size of earthquakes.
- 17. How it Measures? •moment magnitude scale and richter scale: numerical scales showing the size or magnitude of an earthquake based on readings from a seismometer • merrcalli scale: a scale showing the effect of an earthquake on the Earth’s surface
- 18. Opportunities from Volcanoes •many people still live in areas where they are likely to encounter volcanic eruptions. they do this for a number of reasons: • volcanic soils are often veryy fertile and yields of crops are high • people can obtain hot water for heating and also generate electricity • volcanoes provide raw materials such as sulfer zinc, gold and diamonds • volcanoes can attract tourists
- 19. Effects of Earthquakeand Volcano • primary effects occur as a direct result of the earthquakke or volcanic eruption, such as buildings collapsed, loss of life, loss of crops, spread of disease, loss of jobs and bussiness. • secondary effects occurs as a result of the primary effect such as the impact of tsunamis, fire, higher insurance premium
- 20. Factors for damage •the amount of damage caused by earthquakes depends on a combination of factors: • strength of initial earthquake and aftershocks • depth of earthquakes • distance from epicenter • geology of the rocks in the area • ilding construction materials and design • space between buildings • number of storeys • density of poppulation • time of the day
- 21. How can weReduce the Impacts? • rsponses to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are both short term such as emergency aid and disaster relief • and long term such as risk assessment, rebuilding, improving hazard pridiction and preparation for future hazard
- 22. At Last • Explainwhy earthquakes of the same strength may cause different numbers of death. • explain why many volcanic areas are popular places to live but can create problems for the peole living in those areas.