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Ecology chpter 9 10
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It examines these connections across different levels of organization, from organisms and populations up to ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere. Ecosystems consist of biotic and abiotic factors interacting within a defined area. Energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems via food chains, food webs, and other pathways. Climate and other environmental factors help determine the different biomes found around the world such as deserts and forests.
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Ecology chpter 9 10
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- 2. What is ECOLOGY? Ecology is a study of connections in nature. How organisms interact with one another and with their nonliving environment. Figure 3-2
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- 4. Organisms The different forms of life on earth Species Organisms that can breed & produce fertile offspring
- 5. Population A group of individual organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same area.
- 6. Community Different populations that live & interact in an area.
- 7. Ecosystem The community plus their non-living environment.
- 8. Biotic & AbioticFactors of Ecosystems Biotic (living) Ex. – bacteria, animals, plants Abiotic (non-living) Ex. – humidity, solar energy, rocks, clouds
- 9. Biome A group of ecosystems that have the same climate Ex. – Tundra, Taiga, Desert, Tropical Rainforest
- 10. Biosphere All of the combined portions of the planet where life exists, including land, water, and atmosphere
- 11. Universe Galaxies Solar systems Biosphere Planets Earth Biosphere Ecosystems Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Realm of ecology Communities Organ systems Organs Tissues Cells Protoplasm Populations Molecules Atoms Organisms Subatomic Particles Fig. 3-2, p. 51
- 12. Energy Flow Producers Autotrophs - use solar energy or chemical energy to make their own food Chemosynthesis Photosynthesis
- 13. Energy Flow Consumers Heterotrophs - get energy from the food they eat Herbivores – eats plants Carnivores – eats animals (includes insects) Omnivores – eats plants and animals Detritovores – feed on dead matter (scavengers) Decomposers – break down dead matter
- 14. Break it Down Auto – self -vore – eat Herb – plant Troph – feeding Carni – meat Photo – light Omni – all Synthesis – make Hetero – different
- 15. Energy Flow Food Chains & Food Webs Show how energy & nutrients move from one organism to another through the ecosystem
- 16. Energy Pyramid Shows the amount of energy available at each trophic level 0.1% Tertiary Consumer Secondary Consumer 1% Primary Consumer 10% Producer 100%
- 17. Energy Flow LosingEnergy in Food Chains and Webs 90% of the energy at each energy level is lost because the organism uses the energy. (heat)
- 18. Energy Flow Other Pyramids Biomass pyramid – total amount of living tissue - Amount of potential food for each trophic level Pyramid of Numbers – # of individuals at each level - Does not always resemble a pyramid - Forest – fewer producers than consumers 1 tree = lots of insects / birds
- 19. Interactions in anEcosystem Habitat – The area where an organism or a population lives
- 20. Interactions in anEcosystem Niche - the total role of a species in an ecosystem All the physical and biological conditions a species needs to live & reproduce in an ecosystem
- 21. Interactions in anEcosystem Relationships Predation – one organism captures and feeds on another
- 22. Predator – PreyCycle SOURCE: Isle Royale Wolf/Moose Study | GRAPHIC: By Patterson Clark, The Washington Post - July 21, 2008
- 23. Interactions in anEcosystem Relationships Competition – organisms of the same or different species attempt to use the same resources at the same time
- 24. Interactions in anEcosystem Relationships Symbiosis – any relationship in which 2 species live closely together Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
- 25. Mutualism: Win-Win Relationship Both of them benefit Pollination of flowers by insects Oxpeckers and black rhinoceros
- 26. Commensalism: Using withoutharming One is helped and has little or no effect on the other Burrs are carried by animals. This helps scatter the seeds for the parent plant.
- 27. Parasitism: Sponging Offof Others One benefits and the other is harmed Mosquitos Tapeworms
- 28. Carrying Capacity The maximum # of individuals that a given habitat can support
- 29. What is thecarrying capacity?
- 30. Lower limit of Upper limit of tolerance tolerance No Few Abundance of organisms Few No organisms organisms organisms organisms Population size Zone of Zone of Optimum range Zone of Zone of intolerance physiological physiological intolerance stress stress Low Temperature High Fig. 3-11, p. 58
- 31. 4 Factors DetermineGrowth Rate 1. Birth rate 2. Immigration 3. Death rate 4. Emigration Which increase and which decrease the population?
- 32. Limiting Factors Bioticor abiotic resource that limits size of population
- 33. Habitat Needs Cover – shelter; trees, shrubs, etc. Water Nutrients
- 34. Population Growth Populations can grow until competition for resources increases & the carrying capacity is reached
- 35. Biosphere Carbon Phosphorus Nitrogen Water Oxygen cycle cycle cycle cycle cycle Heat in the environment Heat Heat Heat Fig. 3-7, p. 55
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- 38. Nitrogen Fixation This is the first step of the nitrogen cycle where specialized bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen to ammonia that can be used by plants. This is done by cyanobacteria or bacteria living in the nodules on the root of various plants.
- 39. Nitrification Ammonia is converted to nitrite, then to nitrate Assimilation Plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions for use in making molecules suc as DNA, amino acids and proteins.
- 40. Ammonification After nitrogen has served its purpose in living organisms, decomposing bacteria convert the nitrogen-rich compounds, wastes, and dead bodies into simpler compounds such as ammonia. Denitrification •Nitrate ions and nitrite ions are converted into nitrous oxide gas and nitrogen gas. This happens when a soil nutrient is reduced and released into the atmosphere as a gas.
- 41. Biomagnification Concentration oftoxin at higher trophic levels
- 42. Succession The process where plants & animals of a particular area are replaced by other more complex species over time.
- 43. Stages of Succession Land– rock lichen small shrubs large shrubs small trees large trees
- 44. Primary Succession When the starting point is an ABIOTIC environment Volcano Flood
- 45. Secondary Succession When an EXISTING ecosystem is disturbed Fire/lightning Disease Hurricanes Credit: Jeff Schmaltz, NASA's MODIS Rapid Response Team Human activities
- 46. Fig 10.7 Diagramof bog succession. Wetland Succession 1 Wetland Succession Sedges and floating plants close over the 2 open water, trapping sediments in their roots, and gradually drying out the 3 pond. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
- 47. CLIMATE: A BRIEFINTRO. Weather - local, short-term conditions such as temperature and precipitation Climate - a region’s average weather conditions over a long time Latitude and elevation help determine climate
- 48. BIOMES: Large terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals
- 49. Biomes Around theWorld
- 50. DESERT BIOMES The evaporation is greater than the precipitation (usually less than 25 cm). Covers 30% of the earth.
- 51. DESERT BIOMES Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate and cold deserts. Figure 5-12
- 52. FOREST BIOMES Forests have enough precipitation to support stands of trees and are found in tropical, temperate, and polar regions.
- 53. FOREST BIOMES Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate, and polar forests. Figure 5-19
- 54. Taiga (evergreen coniferousforest) Just south of the tundra (northern part of N. America), it covers 11% of earth’s land. Its winters are long, dry & cold. Some places have sunlight 6 to 8 hours a day. The summers are short and mild, w/ sunlight 19 hours a day.
- 55. MOUNTAIN BIOMES (Taiga) High-elevation islands of biodiversity Often have snow- covered peaks that reflect solar radiation and gradually release water to lower- elevation streams and ecosystems.
- 56. Evergreen Coniferous Forests Consist mostly of cone-bearing evergreen trees that keep their needles year-round to help the trees survive long and cold winters.
- 57. Tropical Rainforest Near the equator. It has warm temperatures, high humidity & heavy rainfall.
- 58. Tropical Rain Forest Tropical rain forests have heavy rainfall and a rich diversity of species. Found near the equator. Have year-round uniformity warm temperatures and high humidity.
- 59. Tropical Rain Forest Filling such niches enables species to avoid or minimize competition and coexist
- 60. Temperate Rain Forests Coastal areas support huge cone-bearing evergreen trees such as redwoods and Douglas fir in a cool moist environment.
- 61. Temperate Deciduous Forest It has moderate temperatures, long, warm summers, cold winters &lots of rain. Trees include oaks, hickory, maple, and beech.
- 62. Temperate Deciduous Forest Most of the trees survive winter by dropping their leaves, which decay and produce a nutrient-rich soil.
- 63. Grassland The rainfall is erratic & fires are common. It has & shrubs that are good for grazing animals.
- 64. GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL BIOMES Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue). Figure 5-14
- 65. Savanna The tropical & subtropical grassland. It is warm all year long with alternating wet & dry seasons.
- 66. Chaparral (temperate grassland) These are coastal areas. Winters are mild & wet, w/ summers being long, hot, & dry.
- 67. Chaparral Chaparral has a moderate climate but its dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires.
- 68. Temperate Grasslands The cold winters and hot dry summers have deep and fertile soil that make them ideal for growing crops and grazing cattle.
- 69. Tundra (polar grasslands) Covers 10% of earth’s land. Most of the year, these treeless plains are bitterly cold with ice & snow. It has a 6 to 8 week summer w/ sunlight nearly 24 hours a day.
- 70. Polar Grasslands Polar grasslands are covered with ice and snow except during a brief summer.