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Ecosystems
- 1. Ecosystems: Need toKnow Distribution, characteristics and adaptation of three ecosystems (coniferous and rain forests and savannah grasslands) Human activity and impact on each ecosystem.
- 2. Ecosystems: Keywords BiodiversityConiferous woodland Ecosystem Hydrology Savanna Grassland Slash and burn Soil Tropical Rain Forest Deforestation Desertification Sustainable Developemnt
- 3. What is anEcosystem? A community of plants and animals which interact with each other and with the non-living environment.
- 4. Living Creatures EcosystemLinks Vegetation Energy from the sun Rocks and Soil Climate
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- 9. Nutrient Cycle Twigsand leaves fall to the ground and become ‘litter’ Decomposition (breaking down) of litter by termites, fungi and bacteria Nutrients enter the soil Soil is fertile Dense vegetation
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- 11. What are theworlds major ecosystems (biomes)?
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- 13. Coniferous forest otherwise known as: Taiga or Boreal
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- 15. Reasons for distributionof Coniferous Forest Very cold winters Strong winds Short warm summers Low annual precipitation Only a few types of tree (pine, spruce) can survive the cold = no biodiversity
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- 18. Plant adaptations Conicalshape (flexible, bend in strong winds) Downward sloping branches (snow slides off) Needle leaves (Water loss by transpiration reduced) Thick Bark (Protects from cold, sap contains anti freeze) Evergreen (Must be ready for short growing seasons
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- 20. Animal Adaptations Colourchange Fur Hibernation Dig for food
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- 22. Human Impacts Deforestation Tourism Acid Rain
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- 27. Tropical Rainforest ClimateHot all year round Wet all year High annual rainfall No Seasons Vegetation needs both of these Extensive species eg mahogany and teak (massive bio diversity) Only restriction to growth is access to sunlight
- 28. Leads to fivelayers Great density of vegetation Great height Massive biodiversity Evergreen trees (constant growth) Thin Barks Adaptations to reach sunlight
- 29. Soils - LatosolsDeep soil Red in colour However high rainfall creates similar conditions to podsols, thin humus, rapid leaching then deposition Minerals held in large quantity of leaf litter which is rapidly recycled
- 30. Traditional Human ImpactTraditionally impact minimal Access difficult Hot, humid climate with many pests Latosol soil soon found to be infertile on removal of vegetation Highly specialised nomadic cultures only survived well
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- 32. RESOURCES TRANSPORT FARMINGSETTLEMENTS Modern Human Impact
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- 37. RESOURCES TRANSPORT FARMINGSETTLEMENTS Modern Human Impact Leads To DEFFORESTATION
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- 41. What is Sustainabledevelopment?
- 42. What is sustainabledevelopment? "Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." - The United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development
- 43. Liana project Foundedin 1995, the Liana Project coordinates the efforts of skilled people within the forest communities of the Brazilian Government’s Extractive Reserves. By creating locally controlled micro-enterprises that use sustainably harvested vines and natural fibers to make furniture and decorative goods, the project integrates forest conservation, local economic development, and the preservation of traditional skills.
- 44. There are sixaims Improve quality of life of locals Provide secure income for locals Develop ways of increasing production without debt To conserve the environment To encourage re-use To develop technology which is appropriate to the skills, wealth and needs of locals
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- 54. Products made withamazonian fibres
- 55. You MUST knowa full case study for human impact in a Tropical rainforest – recommend AMAZON
- 56. Where do wefind tropical grasslands?
- 57. Climate Graph forSerengeti, Tanzania
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- 60. Tropical Grassland/Savanna Talltufted grasses with the occasional tree or shrub Close to streams and rivers cover including trees may increase Moderate biodiversity Two main layers of vegetation Extensive animal life
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- 62. Savanna Soil Hottemps = high evaporation rates Upward movement of water carries dissolved minerals eg calcium Minerals deposited in upper layers = rich soil Litter layer large especially at the start of the dry season Decomposition rapid in wet season, much slower in dry season
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- 64. Areas of bareground Drought Resistance – deciduous trees that lose leaves during dry season. b
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- 67. Scavengers – anessential part of the food chain
- 68. Flora of tropicalgrasslands
- 69. How is thisplant adapted to its environment?
- 70. How has thistree adapted to the climate?
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- 81. Case Study: TheSerengeti
- 82. The biggest threatfacing tropical grasslands is desertification
- 83. DESERTIFICATION What is desertification ? Desertification is when a desert gradually spreads to the surrounding areas of semi-desert
- 84. DESERTIFICATION What is desertification ? Desertification is when a desert gradually spreads to the surrounding areas of semi-desert As tropical grassland buffers the edge of many deserts it is particularly vulnerable to desertification
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- 87. What might causedesertification? Brainstorm your ideas
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- 91. MEMORY MAPS Droughtin the Sahel
- 92. * * ** NEWS FLASH * * * * MONDAY 22 ND MARCH 1973 DROUGHTS HAVE PLAGUED THE LAND HERE IN THE SAHEL STRETCHING FROM WEST AFRICA EASTWARDS FOR FIVE YEARS BUT IS DROUGHT HERE REALLY THE PROBLEM? LAND USE PRACTISES HAVE CAUSED THE DEATHS OF MORE THAN 100,000 PEOPLE OVER 12 MILLION CATTLE HAVE DIED SOCIAL ORGANISATIONS HAVE BEEN DISRUPTED ON A NATIONAL SCALE
- 93. The SAHEL TheSahel is located in the southern region of the Sahara desert, Africa.
- 94. The Sahel regionsare areas which experience desertification.
- 95. Why does theSahel suffer from desertification? DESERTIFICATION Increase in population Increase in cattle Deforestation for fire wood Grassland grazed more intensively Roots no longer hold soil together Roots may be eaten as well as grass Leaves no longer protect soil from weather Less vegetation means less protection from weather Loose top soil blown away by wind (Soil Erosion) = Loose top soil blown away by wind (Soil Erosion) = DESERTIFICATION
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