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- 2. 2 Ecosystem A communityand its physical environment Made up of two essential components: Abiotic factors Biotic factors
- 3. 3 Abiotic factors non-livingcomponents of an ecosystem elements which may be found in the environment May be: Physical Chemical
- 4. 4 Physical factors Sunlightand shade Temperature and wind Amount of precipitation Altitude and latitude Nature of soil
- 5. 5 Chemical factors Salinityof water Level of dissolved O2 and other gases Level of plant nutrients pH of soil and water Level of natural or artificial toxic substances
- 6. 6 Biotic factors Theorganisms in an ecosystem are either: Autotrophs photoautotrophic chemoautotrophic Heterotrophs include humans animals and microorganisms.
- 7. 7 Autotrophs Photoautotrophs – has chlorophyll and carry on photosynthesis. Chemoautotrophs – bacteria that obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds such as ammonia, nitrites and sulfides.
- 8. 8 Heterotrophs need asource of pre-formed nutrients consume tissues of other organisms. consumers are classified according to the type of food they eat.
- 9. 9 Types of Consumers Herbivores feed directly on green plants. Carnivores eat other animals. Omnivores feed on both plants and animals.
- 10. 10 Types of Consumers Decomposers fungi and bacteria extract energy from dead matter, including waste return nutrients back to the soil. Scavengers feed on dead matter.
- 11. 11 Food Chain illustrateshow energy and nutrients move from one organism to another shows transfer of energy from one trophic level to another
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- 13. 13 Trophic levels Atrophic level includes a group of organisms that obtain food in a similar manner. Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers Quaternary consumers
- 15. 15 Food Webs: WhoEats Whom?
- 16. 16 Food Web Acomplex network of interconnected food chains The feeding relationship that actually exists in nature May be: Grazing food web Detrital food web
- 18. 18 Energy Flow Ecosystemsare dependent upon solar energy flow and finite pools of nutrients. The primary source of energy for ecosystems is sunlight. All energy content of organic matter is eventually lost to the environment as heat.
- 19. 19 Laws of Thermodynamics Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be transformed into different forms. When energy is transformed from one form to another, there is always some loss of energy from the system, usually as low grade heat.
- 20. 20 10% Law ofEnergy Transfer only 10% of energy at a particular trophic level is incorporated into the next trophic level. rapid loss of energy explains why a food chain rarely has five links.
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- 23. 23 Ecological Pyramids Graphicrepresentations of the relative energy amounts at each trophic level. 3 Types of Pyramids 1. Pyramid of Energy 2. Pyramid of Biomass 3. Pyramid of Numbers
- 24. 24 Pyramid of Energy Energy content of each trophic level Unit of energy = Kilocalories/meter2 /year Pyramid has large base and gets significantly smaller at each level. Organisms use energy for work and respiration, so less energy is available to each successive trophic level.
- 25. 25 Pyramid of Energy energy at each trophic level expressed in kcal/m2/yr.
- 26. 26 Pyramid of Biomass Biomass is a quantitative estimate of the total mass (amount) of living material…or …the amount of fixed energy at a given time. Measuring biomass: total volume, dry weight, or live weight A 90% reduction occurs between each trophic level
- 27. 27 Pyramid of Biomass Biomass also diminishes with the distance along the food chain from the autotrophs which make the organic molecules in the first place.
- 28. 28 Pyramid of Numbers Illustrates number of organisms at each trophic level more individuals at the lower trophic levels. BUT some number pyramids can be inverted.
- 29. 29 Pyramid of Numbers Small animals are more numerous than larger ones. If the size of the individuals at a given trophic level is small, their numbers can be large and vice versa.
- 30. 30 Identify the foodchains and write the trophic level for each organism in this food web.
- 31.