EducationandReformshhhgdjkskskjdeoi.pptx

• The 1800s was the age of reform
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy – first to use the word “Hinduism” in place of Hindu Dharma. (1816)
• 1857 – Bankim Chandra Chaterjee composed Bande Mataram an ode to the Mother Goddess
• Roy’s Brahmo Samaj (1828) along with Dayanand Saraswati’s Arya Samaj (1875/77) tackled evils
such as Sati and child marriage and promoted widow remarriage
• Arya Samaj introduced Ghar Wapsi to re-convert people back to Hinduism
• Arya Samaj also first to mainstream cow-protection movement
• 1893 - Vivekananda (Ramakrishna movement) introducing Hinduism to the Parliament of
Religions in Chicago popularized the idea of India as a “Punya Bhumi”
• 1894 - Bal Gangadhar Tilak - to whip up Nationalist sentiment and Hindu revivalism against
Colonialism - changed Ganesh Chaturthi into a public celebration with song and dance and
procession
• 1894 - Chandranath Banerjee came up with the idea of “Hindutva”. There was a fear that
Hinduism was becoming anglicized and accomodating to the British.
• 1905 - Abanindranath Tagore, nephew of Rabindranath Tagore, father of modern Indian
painting created the first representation of Bharat Mata which became the icon of the Swadeshi
movement
• The Hindu Mahasabha - to protect the rights of Hindu community came up in response to the
formation of the All India Muslim League in 1906 and Minto-Morley reforms of 1909
Reforms in India

Indian Knowledge Systems
Past & Present

Educational Institutions in Ancient India
Takshila Punjab, Pakistan Established by Taksha in 8th century BCE
Atreya taught medicine, Kautilya was professor
Pre-requisite – primary learning; No structured syllabus, fee system or fixed
period of learning. Students lived with their Teachers
Destroyed in 5th century CE by Huna invaders
Nalanda Nalanda, Bihar Established in 427 CE by Kumaragupta I
Center of Mahayana Buddhism and developed Vajrayana Buddhism
Chinese traveller and Buddhism student Hiuen Tsang wrote detailed account
Destroyed in 1197 CE by Bakhtiyar Khilji
ASI conducted excavations in 1915. In 1951 New Nalanda Mahavihara set up

Educational Institutions in Ancient India
Odantapuri Bihar Established in 8th century CE by Gopala I
Vajrayana Buddhism learning space
Vajrayana is a branch of Mahayana Buddhism that incorporates yoga,visualizations
and esoteric pracices and believes it is the fastest way to enlightenment.
Many Vajrayana Buddhist texts composed here
Vikramshila Bhagalpur, Bihar Established in 8th century CE by Dharmapala
Famous for Tantric Buddhism,
Also taught were philosophy, logic, metaphysics and grammar.
Hierarchy here was clearly delineated

What is Education?
Education is the process of learning
An education is usually obtained through a structured and designed program
Purpose: Affecting certain pre-determined behavioral changes in an
individual
Education and Culture
Culture has been discussed as ideas, beliefs, values, ritual practices passed on
from generation to generation
The structured process of passing on this collective pool of ideas, experiences
and practices may be called education.
Education is not only a means of passing on culture, but it is also shaped by
culture since it is a product of culture.
The system of education thus changes along with changes in culture.

Education systems of india
Gurukul System
Guru-Sishya Tradition (Teacher-Student Relationship)
obtained in an Ashram (hermitage)
Teachers were sages; students had to live in the
hermitage for 12 years and acquire knowledge while
serving the sage
Contents of education depended on varna(caste)
Hermitages were patronizedage by kings and wealthy
people of the society
System was mostly for male education (although some
female scholars also find mention)

Makhtabs and Madarasas:
Makhtabs- Centers of primary learning/school
education (attached to mosques)
Madrasas – Centers of higher education
The ‘Makhtabs’ were generally run by public
donations while ‘Madrasas’ were maintained by the
rulers and nobles.
Formal teacher-pupil relationship
Supported by rulers, especially Muslim rulers
 (through land grants)
System was mostly for male education (although
some female scholars also find mention)

• 1542 - Jesuit missionaries founded the Saint Paul’s College, Goa)
• 1813 – renewal of East India Company’s charter carried a duty to
educate Indians
• Orientalists believed education must happen in Indian languages
• Utilitarians/Anglicists like Lord William Bentick and Thomas Macauley
believed that traditional India had nothing to teach regarding modern
skills.
• 1875 – Arya Samaj – Vedic Pathashala (Gurukul)
• Early 19th
century: Madras Presidency had 11,758 schools, and 740
centers for higher education in the presidency
Education systems of india

Sayajirao Gaekwad III
(born as Shrimant Gopalrao Gaekwad)
the Maharaja of Baroda from 1875 to 1939,
and is remembered for reforming much of his
state during his rule.
 He started an experiment in 1893 of starting free
but compulsory primary education to all children
in the age group of 6-14 years, in 10 selected
villages.
It was the first time in India that this was
initiated.
 He ramped it up in 1906 for all children in his state
 By 1910 2938 primary schools which took care of
special needs of girls, the disabled and children of

Jyotibai Phule and his wife
Savitribai Phule:
Pioneers of female education;
also pushed for the education of
Dalits

Provisions for an integrated program of education would be
based upon a common curriculum:
i. to strengthen unity within diversity and
ii. also to facilitate mobility from one part of the country to
another
In 1966, the Report of the Education Commission (1964-66)
(popularly known as Kothari Commission) referred to
education as the only instrument of peaceful social change.
To this end, the Constitutional Amendment of 1976 included
education in the concurrent list, that is, the center and states
both assume joint responsibility of education
Education in post-independence India

Elementary Education:
Spanning the first 8 years of schooling (class I to VIII)
The Constitution under Article 45 provided for the State to introduce
compulsory and free education for children up to the age of fourteen
1986 - The National Policy on Education emphasized that thrust areas in
elementary education will be:
i) universal access and enrolment
ii) universal retention of children upto 14 years of age in the school
iii) substantial improvement in the quality of education to enable all
children to achieve essential levels of learning
2001 - Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was a flagship program of the Central
Government for the universalization of elementary education

Secondary Education:
Covers children of age group 14-18 (classes 9th to 12th)
Vocational education is a distinct stream at the Senior
Secondary Stage
Aims at preparing students for various occupations
1968 - Vocationalization of higher secondary education was a
major objective of the reforms envisaged in the First Education
Policy

Higher Education:
Begins after a student completes senior secondary (class XII)
stage; when a student enters college/university
The number of students in the age group of 18-20 years enrolled
for higher education is low
Need to offer programs closely related to life, aimed at the
development of personality,
reasoning and
learning capabilities of students

Technical and Vocational Education Training (TVET):
Several centers of excellence in technical and professional
education in India like for example
 Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) and
 Indian Institutes of Management (IIM)
As well as a number of vocational training institutes

The vision of the Policy is to instill among the learners a
deep-rooted pride in being Indian,
not only in thought, but also in spirit, intellect, and deeds,
as well as to develop knowledge, skills, values, and
dispositions
that support
 responsible commitment to human rights,
 sustainable development and living, and
 global well-being,
thereby reflecting a truly global citizen.
Vision of NEP 2020

NEP 2020
The implementation of previous policies on education has focused largely on
issues of access and equity i.e. National Policy on Education 1986, modified in
1992 (NPE 1986/92)
NEP 2020 was initiated by the Ministry of Human Resource Development,
Government of India.
The new education policy must provide to all students, irrespective of their
place of residence, a quality education system, with a particular focus on
historically marginalized, disadvantaged, and underrepresented groups.
Education is a great leveler and is the best tool for achieving economic and
social mobility, inclusion, and equality.
Incorporated education taking into account the local and global needs of the
country, and with respect for and deference to its rich diversity and culture.
Aims to Instill knowledge of India and its varied social, cultural, and
technological needs, its inimitable artistic, language, and knowledge
traditions, and
Instilling strong ethics in India’s young people is considered critical for

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