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Effect of Gut Microbiome on SCHIZOPHRENIA.pdf
The document discusses schizophrenia, a mental disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population, with varying incidence rates between genders and ages. It highlights the role of genetics, epigenetics, and gut microbiome in the etiology and symptomatology of schizophrenia, which can manifest through positive, negative, cognitive, and affective symptoms. Various therapeutic options, including psychotherapy and antipsychotic medications, are also mentioned as treatments for managing the disorder.
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Effect of Gut Microbiome on SCHIZOPHRENIA.pdf
- 1. selfexplanatory.2022 Hello HI नमस्ते ْمُكْيالاع ُم ا َلَّ الس ِ َّ ٱَّلل ُاةمْحاراو ُهُتكااراباو Saba Parvin Haque M.Sc. Life Sciences (Specialization in Neurobiology) from “Sophia College” (Autonomous), Mumbai.
- 2. EFFECT OF GUTMICROBIOME ON
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- 5. Who is affected? 1.Schizophrenia affects about 1% of the population. 2. Several studies indicate that the incidence of schizophrenia is higher in men. 3. In women usually occurs between 25-35 years of age and in men usually occurs between 15-25 years of age. 4. 3.5 million Americans have schizophrenia.
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- 10. Symptoms: 1. PositiveSymptoms 1. Delusion 2. Hallucination 3. Thought Disorder 4. Movement disorder All Schizophrenia affected persons are Dangerous to themselves or others. Violent Behavior
- 11. Symptoms: 2. NegativeSymptoms
- 12. Symptoms: 3. CognitiveSymptoms
- 13. Symptoms: 4. AffectiveSymptoms Source: (Morrissette & Stahl, 2011)
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- 15. Figure: Symptoms, factorsinvolved, and current therapeutics in schizophrenia. A combination of genetics, epigenetics, environmental factors, including gut microbiota, resulting in the prognosis of the illness. Schizophrenia involves variable symptoms having limited therapeutic options. On the left side of the figure, solid arrows indicate the potential etiology (genetics, epigenetics and gut microbiota dysbiosis) of schizophrenia and the dotted arrows are representing bi-directional relation of gut microbiota in health and disease. Ref: (Munawar et al., 2021)
- 16. Gut Microbiota andIts Significance Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/59HAG1YFgiksxEU98 Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/qK3HcHC4PFBak6hU8
- 17. Gut Microbial Diversity,Dysbiosis, and CNS Ref: (Munawar et al., 2021) Figure: Gut microbial dysbiosis-related disorder
- 18. Figure: Communication betweenthe gut microbiota and brain in schizophrenia. (A): (1) Junk food, frequent use of drugs, lack of exercise result in gut microbial dysbiosis. (2) Gut microbial dysbiosis means alteration in gut microbial species. (3) Decrease in healthy gut microbiota and increase in pathogenic species. (4) Direct influence of altered gut microbes causes the hypoactivity of NMDA and BDNF receptors. (5) Hypoactivity of NMDA and BDNF receptors results in damaged synapsis, neurological impairments, and increased intestinal membrane permeability as indicated by solid arrows. Consequently, abolishment of spinogenesis, gastritis, enteritis, colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome occurs (indicated by dotted arrows). (6) Altered microbial products such as indole propionic acid (IPA), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). (7) Anomalous expression of microbial products leads to dysfunction of the intestinal barrier as well as induces autoimmunity and neuroinflammation. (B): Normal gut microbiota is crucial to maintain the gut–brain axis. Ref: (Munawar et al., 2021)
- 19. Potential Therapeutics Ref: (Munawaret al., 2021) Psychotherapy involves: (i) individual psychotherapy, (ii) cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or (iii) cognitive enhancement therapy (CET) Antipsychotic Medications: • Olanzapine (zyprexa) • Risperidone (risperdal) • Quetiapine (seroquel) • Ziprasidone (geodon) https://images.app.goo.gl/MFTZjnjTBD2wsT3r9
- 20. Figure: Types, mechanismof action, and side effects of first-generation and second- generation antipsychotics. Ref: (Munawar et al., 2021)
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- 23. References • Akhondzadeh S.(2019). Microbiome and Schizophrenia. Avicenna journal of medical biotechnology, 11(4), 269. • Aneja, J., Singhai, K., & Paul, K. (2018). Very early-onset psychosis/schizophrenia: Case studies of spectrum of presentation and management issues. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 7(6), 1566–1570. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_264_18 • Graham, L., Marshall, M., & Oritz, R. (2016). Neurobandits : a runaway dopamine molecule that can ’ t be stopped. • Home. (2024, April 18). https://www.who.int/ • Health News - Medical News Today. (n.d.). https://www.medicalnewstoday.com • Home. (2024a, April 18). The Pharmaceutical Journal. https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/ • Kelly, J. R., Minuto, C., Cryan, J. F., Clarke, G., & Dinan, T. G. (2021). The role of the gut microbiome in the development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 234, 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.02.010 • Munawar, N., Ahsan, K., Muhammad, K., Ahmad, A., Anwar, M. A., Shah, I., al Ameri, A. K., & al Mughairbi, F. (2021). Hidden Role of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics or Psychobiotics as Therapeutics? International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(14), 7671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147671 • Morrissette, D. A., & Stahl, S. M. (2011). Affective symptoms in schizophrenia. Drug Discovery Today. Therapeutic Strategies, 8(1–2), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddstr.2011.10.005 • NIMH » Home. (2024, April 18). Y. https://www.nimh.nih.gov • The role of the gut microbiome in the development of schizophrenia. (2021, August 1). ScienceDirect. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0920996420300864
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