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ELEMENTARY TISSUE PPT (2).pptx
- 1. TISSUES, TYPES ANDFUNCTIONS PRESENTED BY: Ms.Sapna Rani ASSITANT PROFESSOR PHARMACOLOGY MMCP, MM(DU)
- 2. TISSUES Human body ismade up of four basic tissues: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue.
- 3. TISSU ES Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue A.Simple epithelium i. Squamous ii. Cuboidal iii.Columnar iv. Pseudostratified B. Stratified epitheliu m i. Transitional ii.Stratified squamous non- keratinized iii. Stratified Cells a. i. Fibroblasts ii. Fibrocytes b. Adipose /fat cells c.Plasma cells d. Mast cells e. Macrophages f. Leucocytes g.Pigment cells h. Mesenchym al cells Fibres i. Collagen fibres ii. Elastic fibres iii. Reticular fibres i. Skeleta l muscle s ii. Smoot h muscle s iii. Cardiac muscles iii. i. Centra l nervou s system ii. Periphera l nervous system Autonomi c nervous system
- 5. What are the major functionsof muscle tissue
- 6. There are fourcharacteristicsassociated with muscle tissue: Excitability • Tissue can receive and respond to stimulation Contractility • Tissue can shorten and thicken Extensibility • Tissue can lengthen Elasticity • Tissue can return to its resting state
- 7. The characteristics ofmuscle tissue enable it to perform some important functions, including: Movement (both voluntarily and involuntarily) Maintaining posture Supporting soft tissues within body cavities Guarding entrance and exits of the
- 8. What are the 3types of muscle tissue
- 9. MUSCULAR TISSUE There arethree types of muscles namely- a. Skeletal muscle- they help in locomotion e.g. biceps femoris. b. Smooth muscles- they are present in the viscera of our body e.g. muscle in the wall of stomach. c. Cardiac muscle- it is seen only in the heart. Contraction of this muscle helps in pumping of blood throughout our body.
- 13. Fibers are multinucleatedwith peripheral nuclei Actin and myosin filaments form distinct cross- striation patterns Muscle is surrounded by connective tissue epimysium Muscle fascicles surrounded by connective tissue perimysium Each muscle fiber surrounded by connective tissue endomysium Skeletal Muscle Tissue features and characteristics:
- 14. Sensitive stretch receptorscalled neuromuscular spindles are present within nearly all skeletal muscles These spindles consist of a connective tissue capsule, in which are found modified muscle fibers called intrafusal fibers and numerous nerve endings Neuromuscular spindles monitor the changes in the muscle lengths and activate complex reflexes to regulate muscle activity
- 15. Functions of SkeletalMuscle Tissue Skeletal muscles function in pairs to bring about the coordinated movements of the limbs, trunk, jaws, eyeballs, etc. Skeletal muscles are directly involved in the breathing process.
- 17. Found in holloworgans and blood vessels Fibers are fusiform in shape and contain single nuclei Each cell is filled with a specialized cytoplasm, the sarcoplasm and is surrounded by a thin cell membrane, the sarcolemma. Contain contractile actin and myosin filaments; however, they are not arranged in the regular, cross-striated patterns that are visible in both the skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers As a result, these muscle appear smooth or nonstriated Smooth muscle fibers are also involuntary Smooth Muscle Tissue features and characteristics:
- 18. Smooth muscle controlsslow, involuntary movements such as the contraction of the smooth muscle tissue in the walls of the stomach and intestines. The muscle of the arteries contracts and relaxes to regulate the blood pressure and the flow of blood. Functions of Smooth Muscle Tissue
- 20. Cardiac Muscle Tissuefeatures and characteristics: Primarily located in the walls and septa of the heart and in the walls of the large vessels attached to the heart(aorta and pulmonary trunk) Similar to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle fibers exhibit distinct cross- striations as a result of the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments. Transmission electron microscopy reveals similar A bands, I bands, Z lines, and repeating sacromere units Exhibits only one or two central nuclei, are shorter, and are branched
- 21. The terminal endsof adjacent cardiac muscle fibers show characteristic and dense-staining, end-to-end junctional complexes called intercalated disks. Located in the intercalated disks are the gap junctions that enable ionic communication and continuity between adjacent cardiac muscle fibers. Exhibit autorhythmicity and spontaneously generate stimuli
- 22. Cardiac muscle tissueplays the most important role in the contraction of the atria and ventricles of the heart. It causes the rhythmical beating of the heart, circulating the blood and its contents throughout the body as a Functions of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- 23.
- 24. NERVOUS TISSUE Nervous system 1.central nervous system:- brain and spinal cord 2. peripheral nervous system:- cranial and spinal nerve. • Nervous tissue Consists of:- Neuron Supporting cells(neuroglia)
- 25. • Neurons :transmit electrical impulses from one site in the body to another, and receive and process information • Neuroglia : are non-conducting cells that are in intimate physical contact with neurons .
- 26. Neurons – Functional unitof nervous system - It Consists of: • Cell body • Processes
- 27. •It is basicallya cell nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm. •Nuclei of nerve cells are: large, round and euchromatic with a single prominent nucleolus. •Centrioles- absent. •Cytoplasm of nerve cell bodies is abundantly supplied with: - masses of RER ,numerous Golgi bodies, Cell body(perikaryon or soma)
- 28. Cell body..... •Nissl substance:-(nisslbodies / granules):-granular material, composed of rough endoplasmic reticulum. protein synthesis – high •Neurofibrils:- microflaments and microtubules) •Pigment granules:- neuromelanin( substantia nigra) lipofuscin(resudual bodies – lysosomes) Aggregation of cell body-- within CNS– k/a--nuclei outside CNS—k/a–ganglia
- 29. PROCESSES (NEURITES) Two types:- •Axon • Dendrites Axon:- • long, cylindrical process up to 1m • nissl substance absent • axon hillock • impulse:- away from cell body. • telodendria. • terminal boutons. • commenly refer to as nerve fibers Initial segment telodendri a
- 30. Dendrites •Numerous,Highly branched •Irregular •Terminate nearthe cell body. •Nissl granules – present •Impluse- towards the cell body
- 31. Gray matter:- cellbody of neuron unmyelinated White matter:- myelinated fibers
- 32. Types of neurone a.Accordingto the shape of cell body b.According to variation in axon a.According to the shape of cell body:- shape of the cell body dependent on the number of processes arrising from it. 3 types:- 1. Multipolar neurones:- many processes arises form the cell body eg:- motor neurone
- 33. 2.Bipolar neurone single dendritesand axon eg:- olfactory neuron, retina. 3.Unipolar neurone single dendrite and the axon arise form common stem of the cell body. Eg:- dorsal root ganglian.
- 34. Myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve fibers PNS:- schwann cell CNS:- oligodendrocytes. • Small diameter axon Non myelinated:- • simple envolop by the cytoplasm Myelinated fibers:- • large diameter fiber , • concentric layers .