EMBOLISM BY ASAD ULLAH.pptx..............

Embolism
 Detached intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous
mass that is carried by blood from its point of
origin to a distant site, where it cause tissue
dysfunction (ischemic necrosis).

 VARIOUS FORMS DEPEND UPON
 Solid= Thromboemboli, Atheromatous
material, tumor cell clumps
 Liquid= Fat globules, amniotic fluid
 Gas = Air, other gases

CAUSES
 Dislodged thrombus (most common)
 Skeletal muscle damage and fats droplet
moving make embolus
 Air bubbles
 Atherosclerotic plaque (dislodge debris)
 Tumor fragments
 Bone marrow
 Amniotic fluid

 PARADOXICAL
 Embolus which is carried from venous side of
circulation to arterial side circulation.
 Such as atrioventricular septal defect.
 RETROGRADE
 An embolus which travel against flow of blood. This
is usually significant only in blood vessels with low
pressure veins or with emboli of high weight.
 ANTEROGRADE: the movement of emboli is in
the direction of blood flow

TYPES OF EMBOLISM
 THROMBOEMBOLISM
 A detach thrombus or part of thrombus
constitute the major type of embolism.
 There may arise in arterial or venous
circulation

 EFFECTS OF ARTERIAL EMBOLI
 Depend upon size, site of lodgment,
adequation of collateral circulation
 Infarction
 Gangrene
 Arteritis
 Myocardial infarction
 Sudden death

 EFFECTS OF VENOUS EMBOLI
 The most common significant effect of venous
embolism is obstruction of pulmonary arterial
circulation leading to pulmonary embolism.
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
 It is a sudden blockage in pulmonary artery
due to blood clot that travel to the lungs from
elsewhere in the body through blood stream.

ETIOLOGY
 Pulmonary embolism are most often caused by
DVT.
 Injuries or damage: like bone fracture or
muscle fracture can cause damage to blood
vessels, leading to clots.
 Inactivity: during long periods of inactivity,
cause blood to stagnate in the lowest areas of
your body.

SYMPTOMS
 Dyspnea
 Sudden onset of chest pain
 Leg pain and swelling
 Anxiety

SYSTEMIC EMBOLISM
 Type of arterial embolism
 80% arise from intracardiac mural thrombi
 Thrombi occurring in heart chambers or aortic
lumen
 This type of embolism commonly originates
from thrombi disease chart especially in left
ventricle.

 ARTERIAL EMBOL: Lower extremities, brain, and visceral
organs lodgment.
 VENOUS EMBOLI: Lungs
FAT EMBOLISM
 Fat embolism can occur when fat globules are released from the
bones. Usually during long bone fracture.
 These fat globules can travel to the right side of the heart and
obstruct the pulmonary vessel.
 The fat globules may also travel to the brain this is called
cerebral embolism.
 TRAUMATIC CAUSE
 Trauma patient with long bone fracture( usually the femur)
 In between 1---3 days the patient well develop fat embolism

 NON TRAUMATIC CAUSE
 Hyperlipidemia
 Fatty liver
 Extrinsic fat
AIR EMBOLISM
 Air, nitrogen and other gases can produce bubbles within the
circulation and obstruct blood vessel causing damage of tissue.
 CAUSES
 Operation of neck, head or trauma
 Accidental opening of major vein of neck (jugular vein) or neck
wound may allow air to be drawn into venous circulation.
 Intravenous infusion or blood transfusion
 Angiographic procedure

AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM
 Is a rare but serious condition that occurs when amniotic
fluid or fatal material such as fatal cells enters to the mother
blood stream. Amniotic fluid embolism is most likely to
occur during delivery or in the immediate postpartum
period.
 1 IN 50,000 Deliveries
 Mortality rate – upto 80%
 MECHANISM
 Amniotic fluid are composed of the solid epithelium
constitute. Which enter the pulmonary circulation of mother.
 It has high thromboplastin activity initiate DIC.

TUMOR EMBOLISM
 Malignant tumor cells invade the local blood
vessel and form tumor emboli to be lodged
elsewhere producing metastatic tumor
deposits. E.g. carcinoma of lung.

RISK FACTORS
 Most embolism happen to people who have
risk for blood clot formation, such as smoking
and heart disease
 Atherosclerosis ( built up of fatty plaque in the
blood vessels)
 High cholesterol
 Previous surgery
 A broken leg or hip

DIAGNOSIS
 D-Dimer test
 Chest X-ray
 CT scan or pulmonary angiography
 Doppler studies of the leg (for DVT)
 Venograms
 Brain scan ( for strokes)

TREATMENT
 Embolectomy (surgical procedure)
 Medication may be used to dissolve embolism
caused by blood clots. Such as warfarin and
heparin.
 Hyperbaric chamber ( for air embolism )

PREVENTION
 It isn’t always possible to prevent embolism,
but there are thinks that can significantly
reduce the risk of embolism
 Eating a healthy diet (low in fat)
 Loosing weight
 Stop smoking
 Exercise

INFARCTION
 Injury or death of tissue resulting from
inadequate blood supply especially as a result
of obstruction of the local circulation by a
thrombus or embolus.

 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
 Myocardial infarction is a disease condition in
which is caused by reduced blood flow to the
cardiac muscle. the lack of blood flow can
occur because of many different factors but it
usually related to a blockage in one or more of
your heart arteries.

 CEREBRAL INFARCTION
 Also called ischemic stroke, a cerebral
infarction occurs as a result of disturbed blood
flow to the brain due to problems with the
blood vessels that supply it.
 A lack of adequate blood supply to brain cells
deprives them of oxygen and vital nutrients
which can cause part of the brain to die.

EMBOLISM BY ASAD ULLAH.pptx..............

EMBOLISM BY ASAD ULLAH.pptx..............

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