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Emergence of IoT,Introduction, Evolution
The document provides a comprehensive overview of the Internet of Things (IoT), detailing its historical evolution, key components, and technological interdependencies with other domains, such as machine-to-machine communication and cyber-physical systems. It explains various IoT applications including smart cities, connected healthcare, and smart factories, as well as the significance of local and global connectivity planes and processing techniques like fog computing and big data. Additionally, it highlights the challenges faced in interoperability, security, and standardization across diverse IoT ecosystems.
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Emergence of IoT,Introduction, Evolution
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- 4. ATM The first ATMwas operational in 1974. John Shepherd-Barron
- 5. World Wide Web WorldWide Web, launched in 1991
- 6. Smart Meters In 1972,Theodore Paraskevakos, while working with Boeing in Huntsville, Alabama, developed a sensor monitoring system that used digital transmission for security, fire, and medical alarm systems as well as meter reading capabilities.
- 7. Smart Lock /Digital Locks 1873
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- 10. Smart Cities https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/smart-city Theconcept of the smart city can be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s, when the Community Analysis Bureau started using computer databases, cluster analysis and infrared aerial photography to collect data, issue reports and direct resources to the areas that need them most for fighting off potential disasters and reducing poverty
- 11. Smart Dust Smart dustis a cluster of small sensors — measuring at one cubic millimeter or less — that communicate and transmit data in real time over a wireless network 'Smart Dust' was first conceived in the 1990s by Dr. Kris Pister while a professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/smart-dust-anjoum-sirohhi- xnwjc
- 12. Smart Factories • Aninterconnected network of machines, communication mechanisms, and computing power, the smart factory is a cyber-physical system that uses advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to analyse data, drive automated processes, and learn as it goes.
- 13. UAVs UAVs can notonly provide wireless access to IoT devices in the absence of a terrestrial network but can also perform rich IoT services and applications, such as video surveillance, cargo transportation, pesticide spraying, and so forth
- 14. Various technological interdependenciesof IoT with other domains and networking paradigms Technologies that are very closely related to IoT
- 15. IoT versus M2M AspectM2M (Machine-to-Machine) IoT (Internet of Things) Definition Communication and interactions between machines/devices Encompasses broader range of interactions including machines/devices, people, applications Enabling Infrastructure Cloud computing, servers, local network hubs Utilizes various communication networks (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, satellite) Data Collection Collects data from machinery and sensors Collects data from diverse sources including machinery, sensors, people Device Management Enables device management and interaction Manages devices and their interactions within the IoT ecosystem Origin Coined by telecommunication service providers Evolved as a concept beyond M2M, encompassing diverse domains Relationship to IoT Considered as a sub-domain of IoT Represents a broader paradigm incorporating diverse interactions Scope Focuses on machine interactions via communication networks Involves interactions between devices, people, applications, and more Standards Occupies a core place in the IoT landscape Standards evolve to accommodate the broader scope of IoT Internet Connectivity Central to IoT but not limited to telecom networks Utilizes various communication technologies for connectivity
- 16. IoT vs CPS AspectCyber-Physical Systems (CPS) Internet of Things (IoT) Components Encompasses sensing, control, actuation, and feedback Focuses on networking capabilities Digital Twin Typically includes a digital twin attached to the physical system Does not necessarily require a digital twin Functionality Integrates physical systems with virtual models for comparison Primarily facilitates networking and data exchange Feedback Relies on feedback from the digital twin for corrective actions May or may not incorporate feedback mechanisms Control Offers control over physical systems based on digital twin feedback Emphasizes networking over control Relationship to IoT Considered as a sub-domain of IoT Seen as a broader paradigm encompassing various domains and systems
- 17. IoT vs WoT AspectInternet of Things (IoT) Web of Things (WoT) Perspective Focuses on creating networks comprising objects, things, people, systems, and applications. Enables access and control over IoT resources and applications using web technologies. Technologies Utilizes various technologies including IoT protocols, communication standards, and device-specific protocols. Built using technologies such as HTML 5.0, JavaScript, Ajax, PHP, etc. Enablers Relies on IoT protocols and standards for communication and interoperability. REST (representational state transfer) is a key enabler. API Offers APIs (application programming interfaces) for device communication and data exchange. Uses RESTful APIs for accessing IoT resources. Benefits Facilitates communication and interaction among diverse devices and systems. Benefits from existing web technologies, reducing development time and effort. Challenges Faces challenges in interoperability, security, and standardization across diverse IoT ecosystems. Encounters adaptability and security challenges, especially in creating a globally uniform WoT. Scope Broad scope covering diverse IoT applications and ecosystems. Focuses on integrating various IoT focus areas into the existing web infrastructure. Integration Integrates objects, things, people, systems, and applications into IoT networks. Integrates IoT resources into web-based applications and services. Network Layer Primarily operates at the network layer, involving diverse communication protocols and standards. Application layer-based overlay on the existing web infrastructure. Accessibility Accesses both IP-based and non-IP-based systems accessible through IoT protocols. Utilizes web technologies, accessible through the web.
- 18. Enabling IoT andthe Complex Interdependence of Technologies • Services • Local connectivity • Global connectivity, and • Processing.
- 19. The service plane •The service plane is composed of two parts: 1) Things or devices (wearables, computers, smartphones, and other devices) 2) Low-power connectivity. (WiFi, Ethernet, and cellular are used for local implementation, while modern technologies like Zigbee, RFID, Bluetooth, 6LoWPAN, LoRA, DASH, and Insteon provide wireless and programmable connectivity between IoT devices and the nearest internet hub. )
- 20. The local connectivityplane • Role: - Distributing internet access across multiple local IoT deployments. - This distribution can be based on various factors such as the physical placement of devices, application domains, or service providers. - Within this plane, services such as address management, device management, security, and sleep scheduling are provided. - The modern approach of "edge computing" often complements the services and local connectivity planes, enhancing the efficiency and capabilities of IoT deployments.
- 21. The global connectivityplane • realizing the full potential of IoT by facilitating worldwide implementations and connectivity between various elements such as devices, users, controllers, and applications. • governs data storage, processing, forwarding, and formatting decisions. • It encompasses a range of infrastructures including the Web, data centers, remote servers, and cloud services • concept of "fog computing" alleviates the burden on global connectivity infrastructure by decentralizing computation closer to the data source, thus reducing traffic congestion on the global Internet.
- 22. The processing plane •It’s the end plane of the IoT networking framework, enhancing its utility and seeping across diverse application areas such as industries, transportation, and healthcare. • This plane, often referred to as IoT tools, extracts valuable and human-readable insights from raw data generated by IoT devices and deployments. • Sub-domains within this plane include intelligence, conversion, learning, cognition, algorithms, visualization, and analysis. • These sub-domains encompass activities such as data and format conversion, pattern recognition, control algorithms, trend visualization, and future trend estimation. • Computing paradigms like big data and machine learning are integral components of this domain, contributing to the effective utilization of IoT-generated data for informed decision-making and predictive analysis.
- 23. IoT Networking Components 1)IoT node 2) IoT router 3) IoT LAN 4) IoT WAN 5) IoT gateway 6) IoT proxy.
Editor's Notes
- #3 History refers to the aggregate of past events
- #4 Evolution, on the other hand, is a process of accumulating change
- #6 After graduating from Oxford University, Berners-Lee became a software engineer at CERN, “In those days, there was different information on different computers, but you had to log on to different computers to get at it. Also, sometimes you had to learn a different program on each computer. Often it was just easier to go and ask people when they were having coffee…
- #7 the new generation of energy meters that are used to record electricity consumption in real time, 2011
- #10 Actuators, Sensors, User interfaces, 5G/4G etc
- #18 Non-IP-based Systems: Some IoT devices and systems may not use IP for communication. Instead, they might use specialized protocols or technologies that don't rely on IP. For example, some IoT devices might communicate using protocols like Bluetooth, Zigbee, or LoRa, which have their own ways of connecting devices without needing IP addresses. IoT protocols, such as MQTT, CoAP, or AMQP, act as a common language that allows different devices and systems to communicate, regardless of whether they use IP or non-IP-based methods.
- #19 Sure, let's break it down into simpler terms:1. **Enabling IoT**: - IoT stands for the Internet of Things. It's all about connecting everyday objects to the internet so they can send and receive data. - Imagine your fridge being able to tell you when you're running low on milk or your thermostat adjusting itself based on the weather forecast. That's IoT in action!2. **Complex Interdependence of Technologies**: - This simply means that IoT doesn't work in isolation. It relies on a bunch of different technologies working together. - Think of it like a team of superheroes. Each hero has their own powers, but they're even stronger when they work together to save the day.3. **Examples of Technologies in IoT**: - **Sensors**: These are like the eyes and ears of IoT devices. They collect data from the world around them, such as temperature, light, or motion. - **Connectivity**: IoT devices need a way to talk to each other and the internet. They might use Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or even cellular networks to stay connected. - **Data Processing**: Once data is collected, it needs to be analyzed and processed. This might happen in the device itself or in the cloud. - **Security**: With so much data floating around, it's important to keep it safe from hackers. That's where security technologies come in, like encryption and authentication. - **User Interfaces**: Finally, there's the user interface – how you interact with IoT devices. This could be a smartphone app, a web portal, or even voice commands.4. **Putting it All Together**: - Imagine you have a smart home system. Your smart thermostat (IoT device) uses sensors to measure the temperature in your house. It then sends that data over Wi-Fi (connectivity) to a cloud server for analysis. - The server (data processing) checks the weather forecast and your preferences to decide the best temperature for your home. If it needs to adjust the thermostat, it sends a command back to your device. - All of this happens seamlessly thanks to the complex interdependence of technologies working together to make your home smarter and more convenient.In simple terms, enabling IoT involves connecting everyday objects to the internet so they can communicate and share data. This relies on a variety of technologies working together, from sensors and connectivity to data processing and security, to make it all happen.
- #21 For instance, in a smart home environment, different floors may have their own local IoT setups, with devices connected via low-power, low-range technologies. The traffic from these floors consolidates at a single router or gateway, reducing the load on the network. By assigning a single global IP address to the entire household, the local connectivity plane contributes to conserving limited IP addresses. Managed by IoT management, this plane handles address allocation strategies based on devices and applications. The modern approach of "edge computing" often complements the services and local connectivity planes, enhancing the efficiency and capabilities of IoT deployments.
- #24 **IoT Node**: **Explanation**: Imagine an IoT node as a small, smart device that can do simple tasks or collect data. It could be something like a temperature sensor, a motion detector, or even a smart light bulb. **Example**: Think of a smart thermostat in your house that can adjust the temperature based on your preferences or the weather outside. That's like an IoT node! 2. **IoT Router**: **Explanation**: An IoT router is like a traffic director for data in an IoT network. It helps data from different IoT devices find their way to where they need to go. **Example**: Just like how roads and signs help cars navigate to different places, an IoT router helps data from your smart devices (like your phone or tablet) find its way to the internet or other devices. 3. **IoT LAN (Local Area Network)**: **Explanation**: Think of an IoT LAN as a small, local network where your smart devices talk to each other directly. It's like a small group of friends chatting together in a room. **Example**: When you connect your phone, tablet, and smart TV to your home Wi-Fi network, they create an IoT LAN. They can share information and talk to each other without needing to go out to the internet. 4. **IoT WAN (Wide Area Network)**: **Explanation**: An IoT WAN is a bigger network that connects different LANs together. It helps smart devices from different places communicate with each other over long distances. **Example**: Imagine if your friend's house had its own smart devices, like lights or security cameras, and they wanted to share data with your devices in your house. The IoT WAN helps make that possible by connecting your LAN to theirs. 5. **IoT Gateway**: **Explanation**: An IoT gateway is like a bridge between your local IoT devices and the bigger internet. It helps translate the data from your devices into a language that the internet understands. **Example**: If you want to send a letter to someone who speaks a different language, you might need a translator to help them understand. An IoT gateway does something similar, translating the data from your smart devices so it can travel over the internet. 6. **IoT Proxy**: **Explanation**: An IoT proxy is a helper that stands in for another device, like a substitute teacher in a classroom. It can help manage and control data traffic between different parts of the IoT network. **Example**: When you play a game with your friends online, sometimes you might have a friend who acts as the game's host and helps keep everything running smoothly.