EMERGENCE OF ISLAM IN SUB-CONTINENT 715 1557

EMERGENCE OF ISLAM IN SUB-CONTINENT 715 1557

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  Muhammad Fahad Saleem1-FMS/BSAF/F15 Submitted to: Tafseer Ismail International Islamic University Islamabad
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  Presentation Topic: The emergenceof Islam in sub-Continent from 715 to 1557 CE
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   MUSLIM DYNASTIESIN INDIA’S HISTORY: Dynasties which ruled independently from Delhi/Agra are labeled as Provincial Dynasties. Afghanistan was very much a part of India not only in the days of these dynasties but till as late at the time of Mughal Dynasties in the eighteenth century. India had suffered the first attack in 634 CE, only two years after the death of the prophet Muhammad ‫.ﷺ‬ It was only in 712 CE that an Islamic invasion succeeded in occupying Sindh, Multan and some parts of the Punjab.
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  Muslim Dynasties: The Muslimdynasties which functioned from Sindh and Ghazni undertook destruction of Hindu temples extensively whenever and wherever they succeeded in occupying Indian Territory. The same pattern was followed by the Muslim dynasties established at Delhi/Agra. An intensive destruction of temples was undertaken by the Muslim dynasties which arose in the provinces Sindh, Kashmir, Bengal, Malwa, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. Now we discuss the following dynasties, which came in the history of Indian Subordinates.
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  1-The Umayyad (661to 749 CE): This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty (Banu ʾUmayya, "Sons of Umayya) hailing from Makkah. Umayyad Caliphate covered 15 million km2 and 62 million people (29% of the world's population), making it the fifth largest empire in history in both area and population vise.
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  It has tworulers:  Al-Walid I: Al-Walid I was born in 668 and died in 715 CE. He ruled from 705 until his death in 715 CE. It was during his reign that one of his general, Muhammad bin Qasim, succeeded in occupying Sindh and some parts of the Punjab between 712 and 715 CE.  Al-Walid II: Walid ibn Yazid or Walid II, was born in 709 and died in 744 CE. He was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 743 until 744 CE. He succeeded his uncle, Hisham ibn Abdul Al-Malik.
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  2-The Abbasids (750to1258 CE): This dynasty succeeded the Umayyad and moved the seat of the Caliphate to Baghdad. Starting with the nineteenth caliph, it had thirty- seven rulers, the last of whom was killed by Halaku in 1258 CE.
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   It hadthirty five rulers but only two figure in our citations.  Al-Mansur: Al-Mansur was born in 754 at the home of the 'Abbasid family after their emigration from the Hejaz in 714 and he died in 775 CE. It was in his reign that his governor of Sindh, Hasham bin Amru, led an expedition on the west coast of India in 756.  Al-Mahdi: Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Mansur (born in 744 and died in 785 CE), was better known by his regnal name Al-Mahdi. He was the Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775.
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  3-The Saffarid Dynastyof Seistan (861 to 1003 CE): This Dynasty arose when the Abbasid Caliphate had weakened. He was a Muslim dynasty from Sistan that ruled over parts of eastern Iran, with its capital at Zaranj (a city now in Southwestern Afghanistan) from 861 to 1003 CE.
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   It had2 rulers both of whom figure in our citation.  Yaqub bin Laith: Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar born in Makkah (in 840 and died in 879 CE). He was the founder of the Saffarid dynasty, with its capital at Zaranj, as well as portions of western Pakistan and a small part of Iraq.  Amru bin Laith: Amru ibn al-Layth was the second ruler of the Saffarid dynasty from 879 to 901 CE. He was the son of whitesmith and the younger brother of the dynasty's founder.
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  4-The Qaramitah Dynastyof Multan (980-1175 CE): After the Saffarids lost their hold on Sindh, Multan separated from the province and became an independent Muslim kingdom. By 980 it had become a stronghold of the Qaramitah sect of the Ismailis.
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  5-The Yamini orGhaznivid Dynasty (977-1186 CE): The Saffarid dynasties in Khurasan, Seistan and Zabul had been taken over by the Ghaznivid Dynasty. The Ghaznivid governor of Khurasan, occupied Ghazni in 963 CE and declared independence and became the founder of the Ghaznivid Dynasty which came to be known as the Yamini.
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  It has threerulers that figure in our citations.  Ibrahim of Ghazna: Ibrahim of Ghazna born in 1033 and died in 1099 CE. He was the sultan of the Ghaznavid dynasty from 1059 CE until his death in 1099 CE.  Sultan Mahmud: Yamin-ud-Dawla Abul-Qaṣim Maḥmud more commonly known as Mahmud of Ghazni born in 971 and died in 1030 CE. He was the most prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty. He occupied the eastern Iranian lands and the northwestern Indian subcontinent.  Abu Mansur: Abu Mansur was the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, ruling from 977 to 997 CE. He was heavily involved in the defense of Ghazna's independence for the next 15 years.
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  6-The Ghurid Dynasty(1149 to 1206 CE): This dynasty arose in the Ghur region of Afghanistan and had its seat at Firuz Koh. They have counted the Ghurid rulers from Alaud-Din Jahansuz who stormed Ghazni in 1149. Ghazni was, however, occupied by the Oguz Turks. The Ghurid king, Ghiyasud-Din Muhammad bin Sam, who had succeeded his uncle Alaud-Din Jahansuz at Firuz Koh, appointed his younger brother, Shihabud- Din Muhammad bin Sam, as the governor of Ghazni. Shihabud-Din ( born in 1175 and died in 1206 CE) occupied Sindh and Multan.