EMPLOYEE COMPETENCIES AS THE PREDICTORS OF THE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN IT ENABLED SERVICE COMPANIES AROUND HYDERABAD

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 12, December 2019, pp. 29-36. Article ID: IJMET_10_12_004
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=12
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication
ICT POSSIBILITIES FOR PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY EDUCATION IN AFRICA.
Dr Kehdinga G. Fomunyam
Institute of Systems Science, Durban University of Technology
ABSTRACT
Information and Communication Technology (ICT), is an essential aspect of the
primary and secondary education system in Africa. It is a well-known fact that ICT
improves the quality of learning and teaching curriculum in schools, while serving as
an agent of change by bringing growth and development to the economy. The aim of
this paper is to highlight the positive impact of ICT in primary schools across the
African continent. It discovers that this new world order is under-utilized in schools as
teachers prefer using the traditional way of teaching. The paper concludes that the
governments should come up with appropriate ICT policies to improve the school
systems and recommends the introduction of workshops and training for teachers at all
levels of education.
Key words: ICT, Primary, Secondary, Education, Africa.
Cite this Article Dr Kehdinga G. Fomunyam, ICT Possibilities for Primary and
Secondary Education in Africa. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology, 10(12), 2019, pp. 29-36.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=12
1. INTRODUCTION
The advent of Information and communication technology (ICT) has changed many aspects of
human life; from education, religion, business, military operations etc. This change is marked
by increased speed and efficiency in meeting set goals through modern information
dissemination systems. The internet, as a hub of information opens up limitless possibilities for
growth and development for the advancement of humanity. By way of definition, Prait (2017)
points out that although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is generally
accepted to mean all devices, networking components, applications and systems that combine
to allow people and organizations such as: businesses, educational establishments, non-profit
agencies, governments to interact in the digital world. One of the gains of the integration
process facilitated by ICT is the development of an innovative approach to education. In line
with this, the Linways Team (2017) reveals that information and communication technology
(ICT) in education, supports, enhances, and optimizes the delivery of information for the
purpose of adding value to both teaching and learning. This is not to say that traditional modes
of teaching are totally useless. What ICT brings is an improvement on those aspects of

traditional teaching techniques that do not meet the realities of the 21st century. Padayachee
(2017, p.56) further argues that “ICT integration is about providing pedagogically sound tools
that promote new learning experiences, deep processing of ideas and increased student
interaction with the subject matter…. The term ICT refers to digital tools that are delivered via
computers and the internet such as web resources, e-learning technologies, multimedia
programs, etc…. ICT integration in the classroom is the perfect confluence of content
knowledge (i.e. knowledge of subject matter), pedagogical knowledge (i.e. knowledge of
teaching and learning praxis), and technological knowledge (i.e. technical skills)”. This is to
say that ICT can go a long way to enhance the quality of education. To further deepen our
understanding, Owolabi (2013) discloses that the benefits of incorporating ICT into the learning
process supersedes earlier modes of teaching because it brings together all the components of
earlier mediums such as: chalkboards, textbooks, radio and television. Since ICT brings
together all the components of traditional teaching and learning processes, teachers and students
are provided with the wherewithal to tailor their goals in ways that will enhance efficiency in
the educational sector. It is worrisome that African countries have not recorded sufficient
progress in harnessing the full potential of ICT. This is worse for primary and secondary
education on the continent where ICT facilities are way below standard when compared with
countries in the western world. One of the reasons for this difference is marked lack of ICT
infrastructure in Africa as opposed to what is obtainable in the western world. Mndzebele
(2013) affirms that, in Africa, the introduction of computers into primary and secondary schools
is a recent phenomenon. He further stresses that the high subscription rates and ICT
infrastructure costs, poor service provision and the lack of basic infrastructure such as electricity
act as barriers to the use of ICT in education.
In order to achieve success at this level of education, the usage and reliance of ICT which
carries within its framework modern teaching and learning practices cannot be overstressed.
This paper therefore seeks to explore the utilization of ICT in schools on the African continent.
It also explores the possibilities available and what the way forward is with regards to ICT on
the continent especially within the primary and secondary education sector on the African
continent.
2. THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
Information and Communication Technology has a profound effect on the progress and
development of human civilization. The tools used in ICT include computer programs,
databases, communication networks, analysis and design methods of programming languages,
artificial intelligence, knowledge bases, etc. It has long standing influence in almost all areas
of human activity (Ashikuzzaman, 2014). According to the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP), in Mavellas, Wellington and Samuel (2016, p. 3), “ICTs are information
handling tools. That is, a varied set of goods, applications and services that are used to produce,
store, process, distribute and exchange information. They include the ‘old’ technology of radio,
television and telephone, and the new ICTs of computers, satellite and wireless technology and
the internet. These different tools work together and combine to form a massive infrastructure
of interconnected telephone services, standardised computing hardware, the internet, radio and
television which reaches into every corner of the globe”. This means that the notion of ICT is
a complex one and its use is quite varied especially when it comes to education. Ang’ondi
(2010) takes this further by looking at the use of ICT from a different angle. She argues that
ICT plays a major transformative role in the improvement of all aspects of national life; politics,
business, economics, education social and cultural development. Ibenegbu (2018) in the same
vein comments that ICT is a universal tool for globalization which brings people together within

ICT Possibilities for Primary and Secondary Education in Africa.
a short space of time without the difficulties that accompany transportation and other logistics
that are associated with the movement of people from one place to another. Since people are
able to network seamlessly through the internet, the level of professionalism is raised in the
academic community as academic professionals, share current information as they arise. This
therefore implies the necessity of acquiring the necessary skills and knowledge in the
application and practice of ICT for teachers and students. Jeffels (2009) concurs with this when
he argues on the relevance of ICT on the global scale, when he posits that ICT is a global
phenomenon, and children who are computer literate at an early stage of their lives might deal
better with the modern world.
Researchers are of the opinion that the tools of ICT in schools are diverse and it is beneficial
to both students and teachers. According to a survey conducted by UNESCO schools use a
diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.
In some contexts, ICT has also become integral to the teaching (UNESCO, 2018). While
UNESCO explicates the benefits of ICT to teaching, Volman (2005) in Mikre (2011) looks at
the use of ICT in education as it contributes to a more constructivist learning which increases
the activity and greater responsibility of students to meet goals that are consistent with the
demands of modern day society.
3. UTILIZATION OF ICT IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS
IN AFRICA
Farrell and Shafika (2007) argue that several governments have taken the initiative to ensure
that ICT is utilised effectively in the primary and secondary education sectors of their country.
Most of these nations have taken the initiative to develop policies in this direction. Farrell and
Shafika (2007) continue that there is a great deal of variance in ICT policies for education
among the African countries. In some countries like South Africa there are clear policies
guiding the use of ICT in schools, as well as the future of education within the nation as
technology enhanced learning becomes the order of the day. North Africa on the other hand has
also developed policies and have both resources and high bandwidth connectivity with Europe
have ensured that they make considerable progress in the implementation of their ICT plans
(Isaacs & Naidoo, 2003). Those countries that are steadily moving to sustainable economies
(Mauritius, Ghana, and Botswana, for example) constitute another group making remarkable
progress. Farrell and Shafika (2007) argue that perhaps the largest group is made up of those
countries that are in transition from a sustained period of conflict and economic instability and
are looking to ICT applications to help them meet myriad challenges—particularly the
development of their human resource capacity. They are among the neediest in terms of
assistance (Isaacs, 2005). However, there remains a group of countries that are still plagued
with political instability and internal conflicts that make progress on the ICT for education
agenda impossible. Farrell and Shafika (2007) continued that most countries have, or were in
the process of, liberalizing their telecommunications policies to enable more competition and
diversity of service providers in the industry. This wave has evident manifested across most
African countries with a few exceptions. While this is having the effect of lowering the cost of
access to information and telecommunication infrastructure, the costs of connectivity remain
unaffordable for most education institutions (James, 2004). Furthermore, there are huge gaps
between urban and rural schools in terms of access to ICT infrastructure. Access to a reliable
supply of electricity is a general problem but is particularly severe in rural areas because of the
difficulty of connecting to national electrical grids. UNESCO (2015, p. 12) posit that
One of the critical issues undermining ICT use in Africa, has been a lack of access to
electricity According to UIS data, access to electricity in primary schools in many Africa
nations, such as Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi and Tanzania, is

less than 20%. Data from Sierra Leone from 2012 on access to electricity in educational
institutions indicates that only 3% of primary schools and 16% of lower secondary schools have
access. Electricity at the household level is similarly bereft. They… estimate the ‘direct
connect’ rates to electricity in Sierra Leone are only 5% (11% in urban areas; 1% in rural areas).
In contrast, Botswana, Djibouti and South Africa have electricity in 75% of primary schools
while both Seychelles and Mauritius have 100% access in primary schools, the latter being
consistent outliers in UIS data…. Some form of access to electricity is a precursor for all ICTs,
and therefore the widespread areas of energy poverty across sub-Saharan Africa represent a
fundamental barrier to ICT use, not just in education, but for society in general.
Also Countries like Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, and recently South Africa amongst others
where access to stable electricity especially in the rural areas is a major challenge more and
more schools are increasing finding it difficult to make use of ICT facilities even if they have
them because of inadequate power. There is a general lack of human resource capacity to
provide ICT training and equipment servicing, and there is also a lag between the availability
of ICT infrastructure and the ability of agrarian societies to integrate it to benefit national
development. Djibouti, for example, is at the forefront with a digital telecom network with two
earth stations and the landing point for three undersea cables linking to Asia, the Middle East,
and Europe (Farrell & Shafika, 2007). However, the country has yet to develop an ICT
education sector policy and has generally not yet benefited from these assets.
Primary and secondary schools play an important role in providing ICT literacy education
and developing information technology competencies, or cognitive and operational skills and
attitudes necessary for the effective use of information and communication technologies
(Rambousek, Stipek, Prochazks and Wildova, 2014). This means that, the introduction of ICT
in primary and secondary education is the bedrock of learning everything about information
technology and its utilisation. Although, few countries in Africa have fully adopted the use of
ICT in impacting knowledge in both primary and secondary schools, some scholars are of the
opinion that ICT has not been effectively utilized in Africa (Farrell & Shafika, 2007). This is
because the level of ICT proficiency among African students is relatively low. Adomi and
Kpangban (2010) concur when they argue that fifty five percent of students within the
continent, including Nigeria, Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Republic Of Congo, Egypt,
Gabon, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa and Uganda
had no experience at all in using computers. Other findings of the study revealed that the typical
African school environment provides neither opportunity nor training in using ICTs, and that
75 percent of responding teachers have no or very limited experience and expertise regarding
ICT educational applications. Using Nigeria as a case study, the Federal Government of
Nigeria, in the national policy on education (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2004), recognises the
prominent role of ICT in the modern world, hence the integration of ICT into the education
curriculum. To actualise this goal, the document states that government will provide basic
infrastructure and training at the primary school. In an attempt to improve computer literacy in
the educational sector at the junior secondary school level, computer education has been made
a pre-vocational elective, and a vocational elective at the senior secondary school (Adomi &
Kpangban, 2010). The introduction of this in the national policy in 2002, after it was discovered
that chalkboard and textbooks were still dominant in most classrooms of Nigerian and Algerian
schools. Despite putting plans in place for computer literacy, there are constraining factors
which still hinder the implementation of ICT in education. In Algeria, for example, the problem
of poor infrastructure and connectivity issues in addition to limited learning materials pose
serious challenges to the actualization of ICT based teaching and learning (Asongu &
Odhiambo 2019). Oliver (2002) points out the necessity to migrate from the content-centred
curricula to competence-based curricula. This movement is closely is associated with
improving the teacher-centred forms of delivery to student-centred forms (Samarakoon,

Christiansen & Munro 2017). This means that with the introduction of ICT, a rich environment
that promotes and motivates learning is ensured. This position is supported by Kisirkoi (2015)
who avers that the effective use of ICTs as a teaching and learning agent has been found to
significantly increase student’s achievement which promotes critical thinking and problem-
solving skills. Kisirko explains that researchers are in agreement that the use of ICT in education
as instructional media does not only enhance learning outcomes but, it is also crucial in
preparing the youth for the challenges that come with globalization. More so, with the use of
ICTs in schools, students gain the much-needed confidence to embark on meaningful research
with their teachers and contemporaries (even with those in other countries) to solve
technological problems (Kisirkoi, 2015).
In Africa, the provision of ICT facilities poses a big challenge as many schools lack the bare
necessities for an ICT based learning. As Mndzebele (2013) remarks, what has helped schools
to have computers are foreign donors and aid from companies that donate ICT facilities as a
form of their corporate social responsibility project. With the help of non-governmental
organisation and other foreign bodies, ICT have made its grounds in Africa. Mndzebele locates
the problem which schools in the continent wrestles with within the area of implementation. In
an attempt to find a way out of this unpleasant scenario, Rambousek, Stipek, Prochazks and
Wildova (2014), propose that computer-based applications for learning such as word
processing, be used in place of papers. Furthermore, teaching aids which incorporates slides
and projectors should replace the old order of writing boards in the classroom. Also, the
prospect of virtual learning was mentioned as a way of not only bridging the gap between
students and teachers in different parts of the world but also expanding the scope of learning
beyond the walls of a classroom.
4. POSSIBILITIES OF ICT IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
SCHOOLS
Samarakoon et al (2017) argue that the opportunities and possibilities for ICT in primary and
secondary schools in Africa is quite great. More and more schools are increasingly using 3G
internet for educational purposes, albeit informally. However, such usage has considerably in
formal teaching and learning with more and more schools seeing the creation of computer laps
with internet access. The increasing availability of mobile phones and tablet PCs have
considerably increased the possibilities for ICT in primary and secondary education in Africa.
Porter, Hampshire, Milner, Munthali, Robson, Lannoy, Bango, Gunguluza, Mashiri, Tanle and
Abane (2016) argue that it would appear that smartphones may be better poised to overcome
the urban-rural digital divide as compared to more capital, energy and labour intensive
(maintenance) technologies such as computers in the drive to improve ICT usage in primary
and secondary schools. Since it is easier and cheaper to access, purchase and maintain smart
phones or tablets PCs, they are increasing become a viable option especially in rural Africa.
Attention should be given to the fact that Children are prone to learn faster and gain more
knowledge when they are still in the primary or secondary level. Therefore, the introduction
these ICT wares (software and hardware) as pedagogical tools in the teaching and learning
process will help in broadening student knowledge as these are the formative stages of learning.
In this regard, Ziki et al (2014) emphasizes the need to make ICT based learning a priority in
primary and secondary schools in order to help students get acquainted at an early age. Their
position is hinged on the premise that expertise and perfection is reached through proper
education at an early age.
Another critical element that is associated With ICT is its all-inclusive nature which allows
children with health challenges; such as Down syndrome or dyslexia to have the opportunity to
learn (UNESCO, 2015). Innovation in the ICT will enable researchers and teachers to prepare

effective and efficient teaching and learning modules for students with special needs. UNESCO
(2017) stressed that schools must be equipped in a number of ways to deal with the ramifications
of special needs cases. ICT have the potential to transform special needs children’s learning
experiences from one of negligence to a robust and complete learning experience. To transform
the learning experience of special needs students, Mishra, Sharma and Tripathi (2010) describes
a range of specialised software and hardware solutions for communicating, accessing and
inputting data/ information to/from web applications that are useful. The applications and tools
are:
 Specialised keyboards, such as Braille
 Braille
 Conversion of local language to Braille
 Screen readers
 Touch screens
 Eye tracking
 Talking word processors
 Screen magnifiers
Subsequently, with the use of these tools, students with special needs are not left behind
and they also have the opportunity to learn like their counterparts without disabilities. The use
of digital and audio libraries makes it easy for pupils and students with special needs to access
educational materials through the help of their teachers. Eid (2008) argues that students with
intellectual, hearing or reading disabilities, impaired sight, dyslexia and other disabilities are
now able to follow educational courses; via digital and audio libraries, accessing their material,
content and resources via the internet.
Higgins (2017) further discussing the possibilities of ICT for basic education argue that
pupil’s attainment is bound to increase with the continuous use of ICT. This is because when
using ICT, they spend more time working at or, practising the skill being studied and tested. He
however noted that computers can therefore help by; increasing the amount of time pupils spend
on activities, by increasing pupil’s motivation and engagement when doing these activities and,
by providing practice modules at an appropriate level. For instance, through the use of the
virtual library and language application exercises, students are given the opportunity to develop
correct words pronunciation and general language proficiency. ICT gives pupils and students
the opportunity to carry out individual study aside what is taught in the classroom. Autonomous
learning through virtual libraries is possible with the help of the parents or tutors who serve as
guides. Mathevula and Uwizeyimana (2014) explained that student’s learning autonomy will
enable children to exert more choice over how they approach study, requiring less direction
from teachers. This is why Primly (2012) suggests that, it is necessary to foster autonomous
learning through technology in the language classroom to arouse the interest of the students, to
give importance at school/college level. In the same vein, Mathevula and Uwizeyimana (2014)
noted that the teacher’s role will become more of a guide or moderator rather than a director.
CONCLUSION
This paper attempted to chronicle the use of ICT in primary and secondary schools in Africa. It
articulated the challenges relating to the use of ICT and the possibilities or possible future which
ICT can necessitate for education on the continent. It also attempted to show the critical stake
of ICT in the growth and development of societies with particular emphasis on education. The
paper stressed that the utilisation of ICT at the primary and secondary levels is critical if the
current low standard of education in Africa is to be improved to a globally competitive level. It

was however discovered that the potential of ICT have-not been fully utilised due to a variety
of reasons.
In addition, the reliance and inability of teachers to make a change from the traditional
method of teaching has made ICT impact slow especially in areas with ICT facilities. Part of
the problem is what Rambousek et al (2014) allude to as they stress the need for the
development of problem-solving skills in students in addition to critical thinking. These can be
achieved if students are shown how to effectively harness the power of information that is
available on the internet for academic purposes. For the best results, African governments must
show commitment to the development of education in primary and secondary schools by way
of infrastructural investments in ICT facilities. In addition to infrastructural development,
African governments should enact policies that are tailored to provide the enabling environment
for ICT based education to thrive. In line with this, the paper recommends that, governments
should come up with appropriate ICT policies and workshop training programmes for teachers
at all levels of education. This means that teachers will become familiar with ICT policies
thereby gaining knowledge on how to improve the standard of education in their respective
countries.
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EMPLOYEE COMPETENCIES AS THE PREDICTORS OF THE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN IT ENABLED SERVICE COMPANIES AROUND HYDERABAD