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Endocrine system
The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" because: 8. It controls and regulates the functions of other endocrine glands like the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes through the hormones it secretes. 9. The pituitary gland is regulated by the hypothalamus which controls hormone synthesis and secretion from the pituitary through releasing and inhibiting hormones. 10. Damage or dysfunction of the pituitary gland can lead to disorders in other glands and various body processes since it plays a central role in the endocrine system.
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Endocrine system
- 1. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PREPARED BY: KRISTEL V.FEJE II-BSED BIO-SCI
- 2. Feature Endocrine systemNervous system Over all function Regulation of effectors to maintain homeostasis Control by regulatory feedback loops Yes (Endocrine reflexes) Yes (Nervous reflexes) Effectors tissues Endocrine Effectors: All tissues Nervous effectors: muscle and glandular tissue only Effectors cells Target cell (through the body) Postsynaptic cells (in muscle and glandular tissue only) Chemical messenger Hormone neurotransmitter Cells that secrete chemical messenger Glandular epithelial cells or neurosecretory cells (modified neurons) neurons Distance travelled (method of travel) by messenger Long (by way of circulating blood) Short (across microscopic synapse) Characteristic of regulatory effect Slow to appear, long lasting Appear rapidly, short lived
- 3. Endocrine system • regulatesthe over all metabolism, homeostasis, growth and reproduction. Neuroendocrine system • Performing the same general function within the body: communication, integration and control Endocrinology • study of the various hormones and their actions and disorders in the body.
- 4. Glands Hormone • are organcomposed of specialized epithelial cells that secrete substances such as hormones • chemical messenger that is produced in one body region but affect different body region.
- 5. Hormone Steroid Non-steroid Cortisol Aldosterone Estrogen Progesterone testosterone proteins glycoproteins Aminoacid derivatives peptides Growth hormone Prolactin Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Insulin Glucagon Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Somatostatin Thyrotropin-stimu;ating hormone Gonadotropin stimulating hormone amines Iodinated amino acid Norepinephrine Epinephrine melatonin Thyroxin (T4) Triiodothyronin (T3) Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Classification of Hormone
- 6. Mechanism of hormoneaction 1. Mobile-receptor model (for steroid hormone) 2. Second-messenger model (non steroid hormone) Regulation of hormone secretion 1. Negative feedback 2. Positive feedback Hormone amount 1. Hyposecretion- production of hormone in a small quantities. 2. Hypersecretion- production of hormone in a large quantities.
- 7.
- 8. 1. Nervous system:neurotransmitter Endocrine system: Hormone
- 9. 2. Ductless gland:Endocrine gland Duct glands: Exocrine gland
- 10. 3. Steroid hormone: Non-steroidhormone: second messenger model Mobile-receptor model
- 11. 4. A defiencyin hormonal secretion is called? a. Hyposecretion b. Hypersecretion c. Undersecretion d. Supersecretion
- 12. HYPOTHALAMUS • located atthe base of forebrain. • link between nervous and endocrine system. • it controls hormone synthesis and secretion from pituitary gland. Hormone 1. Releasing hormone • stimulate secretion of pituitary hormones. Ex. Gonadotrophin releasing hormone. 2. Inhibiting hormone • inhibit secretion of pituitary hormones Ex. Somatostatin
- 13. Hormone function Corticotropin-Releasing HormoneStimulates the release of adrinocorticotopic hormone in the anterior lobe Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulates the release of gonadotropin (LH and FSH) Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone inhibits growth and thyroid-stimulating hormones. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Stimulates the release of growth hormone in the anterior lobe Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone Prolactin-Releasing hormone Stimulates the secretion of prolactin in the anterior pituitary Prolactin-Releasing hormone inhibits the secretion of prolactin in the anterior pituitary
- 14. PITUITARY GLAND • peassize gland attached to the brain. • Master gland of the body Two lobes A. Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) • makes up 70% of the pituitary gland • Composed of irregular clumps of secretory cell Parts 1. Pars anterior 2. Pars intermedia 3 types of cells 1. Chromophobes (afraid of color) 2. Acidophils (acid lovers) 3. Basophils (base lovers)
- 15. B. Posteior lobe(neurohypophysis) • directly connected to the hypothalamus through a bundle of nerve, hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract. • makes up 30% of the pituitary gland • Serves as storage and release site for two hormones.
- 16. Hormone (Anterior lobe) Target Functions 1. Growth hormone (somatotropin) body cells Muscles and bones stimulate growth, in children and repair by stimulating cell division. affects protein, carbohydrates and fat metabolism at cellular level. 2. Thyroid- stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) thyroid gland Promotes and maintains the growth and development of its target gland. Stimulates the thyroid hormone. 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) cortex Promotes and maintains normal growth of the adrenal cortex. Stimulates cortex hormone. 4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ovaries and testes stimulates maturation of an ovum and production of estrogen. Stimulate sperm production. 5. Luteinizing hormone (LH) ovaries and testes stimulates the release of egg cell Controls the production of sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone in women and testosterone in men. 6. Prolactin mammary gland. stimulates milk production during pregnancy. 7. Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) skin skin pigmentation.
- 17. Hyposecretion and Hypersecretionof Growth hormone Dwarfism Gigantism
- 18. Hormone (Posterior lobe)Target Functions 1. Antidiuretic hormone (Arginine Vasopressin ) kidneys increase amount of water returned to the blood during urine production. Stimulates contraction of muscles in the walls of small arteries. 2. Oxytocin uterus and mammary gland stimulates muscle contraction at birth release milk during breastfeeding.
- 19. THYROID GLAND • locatedin the neck below the larynx and in the posterior of the trachea. Follicles - tiny structural unit; site of hormone synthesis Thyroid colloid - storage of thyroid hormone
- 20. Hormones 1. Thyroxine (T4)and Triiodothyrine (T3) • iodine containing hormone that regulates the rate of metabolism, cell growth and tissue differentiation. 2. Calcitonine • Increases calcium storage in bone by increasing bone formation of osteoblasts and inhibiting bone breakdown by osteoclasts.
- 21. Goiter (Hyposecretion ofthyroid hormone) Eye protrusion (Hypersecretion pf thyroid hormone)
- 22. PARATHYROID GLAND • fourtiny oval gland embedded in the back of the thyroid. Hormone 1. Parathormone hormone • increase the level of calcium in the blood by stimulating bone breakdown.
- 23. Hypersecretion of parathyroidhormone osteoporosis
- 24. ADRENAL GLAND • cappingthe two kidney. A. Adrenal medulla • secretes 80% of Epinephrine (adrenaline) and 20% norepinephrine (noradrenaline) 1. Adrenaline and noradrenaline • produce emergency response or flight- or-flight reaction. • work rapidly to help the body deal with stress. • Adrenaline increases the rate of metabolism and the release of glucose by the liver. • increases the rate and strength of the heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing rate, blood clotting and sweating.
- 25. B. Adrenal cortex •secretes hormone compound called corticosteroid, synthesized from cholesterol.
- 26. 1. Cortisol (glycocorticoids) •help control cell metabolism (carbohydrate, protein and fats) and reduce stress. • regulates the glucose level in the blood. 2. Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) • controls level of sodium absorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys. • controls volume of the intercellular fluids and the blood.
- 27. Hypo secretion ofmineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids • Drop in blood sodium and blood glucose • Increase in blood potassium levels and weight loss.
- 28. Hyper secretion ofglucocorticoids Cushing Syndrome - Redistribution of fat
- 29. 5. Which ofthe following glands secretes the emergency hormone? a. Thyroid b. Parathyroid c. Adrenal d. Gonads
- 30. 6. Hyposecretion ofgrowth hormone a. Dwarfism b. Gigantism c. Acromegaly d. Eye protrusion
- 31. 7. A typeof pituitary cell that is afraid of color a. Basophils b. Chromophils c. Acidophils d. neutrophil
- 32. 8-10. Pituitary glandis said to be the "master gland" why?
Editor's Notes
- #6 Protein hormone- long chains of amino acid Glycoprotiens- have carbohydrate groups attached to amino acid chains Peptide hormone- short chain of amino acid Amino acid derivatives- single amino acid 1 amines- modified molecule of tyrosine 2 iodinated amino acid- tyrosine added with iodine