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Environment - Basics
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- 3. What is Environment? Surroundings or conditions in which an organism lives or operate. climate , weather , Natural resources survival , development , Evolution Components of Environment. • Biotic • Abiotic
- 4. Components of Ecosystem Componentsof Ecosystem Biotic components Abiotic components Physical factors Temp Humidity Light Atmospheric pressure Inorganic substances Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Organic substances Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Consumers (Animals) Decomposers (Microorganisms) Producers (Green plants)
- 5. What is anEcosystem ?
- 6. Types of anEcosystem
- 7. The term‘ecosystem’ was coined by A.G. Tansley in 1935. Study of Ecosystem is known as Ecology – First coined by German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1869. Ecological Niche : The term niche means the sum of all the activities and relationships of a species by which it uses the resources in its habitat for its survival and reproduction. The process by which communities of plant and animal species in an area are replaced or changed into another over a period of time is known as ecological succession. Primary succession Secondary succession
- 8. Major Habitats :Ahabitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant , or other type of organism Terrestrial Estuarine Ocean Freshwater Home Range : Home range is the area in which an animal lives and travels Ecotone : An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes
- 9. Biomes : continuousarea of similar Climatic or geographic conditions
- 10. Levels of EcologicalOrganization
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- 12. Energy Flow ThroughEcosystem Food chains and energy flow are the functional properties of ecosystems which make them dynamic. The biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem are linked through them.
- 13. Transfer of foodenergy from green plants (producers) through a series of organisms with repeated eating and being eaten is called a food chain . Each step in the food chain is called trophic level
- 14. Types of foodchain Grazing food chains Detritus food chain FoodWeb Trophic levels in an ecosystem are not linear rather they are interconnected and make a food web. Thus food web is a network interconnected food chains existing in an ecosystem.
- 16. Ecological pyramid Ecologicalpyramids are the graphic representations of Trophic levels in an ecosystem.
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- 18. Pyramid of biomass: Represents total standing crop biomass at each level ,Standing crop biomass is the amount of the living matter at any given time
- 19. Upright pyramid ofBiomass
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- 22. Question – Answer Q: 1 A pesticide which is a chlorinated hydrocarbon sprayed on food crop. The food chain is : Food crop – Rat – Snake – Hawk .In this food chain , the highest concentration of the pesticide would accumulate in which of the following ? Pre (2010) a) Food crop c) Snake b) Rat d) Hawk
- 23. Q-2 What wouldhappen if phytoplankton of an ocean is completely destroyed for some reason ? Pre. (2010) 1) The ocean as a carbon sink would be adversely affected 2) The food chains in the ocean would be adversely affected 3) The density of ocean water would drastically decrease Select the correct answer using codes given below: a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1,2 and 3
- 24. Q : 3Vultures which used to be very common in Indian countryside some years ago are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to Pre.(2012) a) The destruction of their nesting sites by new invasive species b) A drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattle c) Scarcity of food available to them d) A widespread , persistent and fatal disease among them
- 25. Q: 4 Withreference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements : 1 A food chain illustrates the order in which a chain of organisms feed upon each other. 2 Food chains are found within the populations of a species. 3 A food chain illustrates the numbers of each organism which are eaten by others. Pre. (2013) Which of the statements given above is /are correct ? a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 1 , 2 ,3 d) none of these
- 26. Q : 5Which of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by a organism , but also it’s Functional role in the community of organisms ? a) Ecotone b) Ecological niche c) Habitat d) Home range
- 27. Q 6: Whichone of the following is the process involved in photosynthesis? (2014) a)Potential energy is released to form free energy b)Free energy is converted into potential energy and stored C) Food is oxidized to release carbon dioxide and water d) Oxygen is taken, and carbon dioxide and water vapour are given out
- 28. Q : 7Lichen succession Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of (2014) a) algae and bacteria b) algae and fungi c) bacteria and fungi d) fungi and mosses
- 29. Q: 8 Whichof the following adds/add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on the planet Earth? (2014) 1)Volcanic action 2)Respiration 3)Photosynthesis 4)Decay of organic matter Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 1 and 3 only b) 2 only c) 1, 2 and 4 only d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
- 30. Q: 9 Whichone of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity ? a) Oceans , Lakes , grasslands , mangroves b) Mangroves , oceans , grass-lands , lakes c) Mangroves , grasslands , Lakes , oceans d) Oceans , mangroves , lakes , grasslands
- 31. Q: 10 Manytransplanted seedlings don’t grow because a) The new soil does not contain favourable minerals b) Most of the root hairs grip the new soil to hard c) Most of the root hairs are lost during transplantation d) Leaves get damaged during transplantation
- 32. Q:11 With referenceto the food chains in ecosystems , which of the following kinds of organism know as decomposer ? 1 Virus 2 Fungi 3 Bacteria Select the correct answer using the codes given below. a) 1 only b) 2 & 3 only c) 1 & 3 only d) 1,2 & 3
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