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Environmental Impact Assessment
- 1. A Seminar On ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTASSESSMENT (Including a case study) Presented By Presented To Rishabh Tiwari Sri Ram Chaurasia Associate Professor 1
- 2. CONTENTS • What isEIA ? • Type of Projects & their environmental impacts. • Sardar Sarovar Dam – A case study. • Projected benefits. • Environmental impacts of Sardar Sarovar dam project. • Protest (Narmada bachao andolan). • Current status of the project. • Environmental safeguard measures. • References. 2
- 3. What is EIA? • Any engineering project involving development surely cause some adverse effect on our surrounding. • It forced us to make compulsory to evaluate these adverse impacts on environment in detail. • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project, taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human- health impacts, both beneficial and adverse. • EIA submission is compulsory for project clearance for execution. 3
- 4. Types of Projects •All such impact assessments should thoroughly examine and discuss various possible environmental pollutions. • EIA of following three major projects are discussed further. Thermal power plants. Mining. River valley projects. 4
- 5. Environmental impactsof thermal power plant • These plants generally use coal or fuel oil as fuel. • If coal is used, pollutants like fly ash, sulphur dioxide(SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced. • If oil is used, only sulphur dioxide(SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced as major pollutants. • Fly ash from the thermal power plant is observed to fall out up to large distances(3-6 Km) which is harmful to the air environment. • For an instance, Indraprastha and Rajghat power houses in Delhi near ITO, are responsible for polluting Delhi's air on a large scale. 5
- 6. Environmental impactsof mining • Discharge of acid-mine-water into surface water bodies. • Discharge of toxic radioactive substances. • It adds gaseous pollutants and dust particles to the air. • Land subsidence due to underground mining. • Land degradation due to open cast mining. • Deforestation. • Noise and ground vibration. WATER POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION DE-SPOILATION OF LAND NOISE POLLUTION 6
- 7. Environmental impacts ofriver valley project 1) Negative Impacts : • Loss of forest & agricultural land. • Loss of religious sites. • Displacement of people coming in submergence zone of a dam. • Water logging and salinity of irrigated land. • Reservoir induced seismicity. • Adverse impacts to fisheries. 7
- 8. 2) Positive Impacts: • Availability of domestic water supplies. • Overall increase in wood production. • Development of tourism and recreation. • Flood control. In total, we can say that multipurpose projects do not cause environmental degradation and have environmental-harmony nature. 8
- 9. Sardar Sarovar Dam– A case study • The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a gravity dam on the Narmada river near Navagam, Gujarat in India. • It is one of the largest water resources projects of India covering four major states - Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan. • The project took form in 1979 as part of a development scheme to increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity. • Most importantly, This dam is one of India's most controversial project and its environmental impacts are widely debated. • It is, in fact, designed as a concrete gravity dam, having a height up to FRL 138.68 m. 9
- 10. Projected Benefits : Recreation 38% Floodcontrol 18% Fire & farm ponds 17% Irrigation 11% Tailing & others 8% Undetermined 4% Hydroelectric 3% Debris control 1% Recreation Flood control Fire & farm ponds Irrigation Tailing & others Undetermined Hydroelectric Debris control 10
- 11. Environmental impacts ofSardar Sarovar dam project 1) Submergence causing loss of forest and agricultural land : In order to minimize the adverse effects of submergence it becomes necessary … • To compensate and mitigate the losses due to deforestation. • To reduce the dam height up to a minimum possible value. After thoroughly examining, dam height was finally decided FRL 138.68 m by constituted tribunal in 1979. 11
- 12. 2) Loss ofwild life : • It was clarified that it will not cause any loss of flora and fauna. • Also it will help to develop five sanctuaries. 3) Displacement of Tribals : • Tribals, living in submergence zone, need to be displaced elsewhere. • Nearly 2000-3000 families may opt rehabilitation in Gujarat, which is manageable. 12
- 13. 4) Submergence ofold monuments: • No protected archaeological monument lies in submergence area. • Only few temples, like Shoolpaneshwar Mahadev at village Supan, are likely to be affected. 5) Water-logging and Salinity problem: • The problem of waterlogging and soil salinity is little serious here. • It is so because the command areas of the projects have largely black soils, which have very good water retention capacity. 13
- 14. 6) Seismic effectof the reservoir : • By survey, it was concluded that formation of reservoir in this area may cause earthquake to occur but not of destructing dimensions. • So the dams have been designed to withstand earthquake shocks of magnitude 6.5 (Richter scale). 7) Health aspects : • No risk of malaria & Schistosomiasis like diseases by irrigation facilities for 17 years (As studied by teams of WHO) 14
- 15. Protest (Narmada BachaoAndolan) • A protest was being done by adivasis, farmers, environmentalists against raising the height of the Sardar Sarovar dam lead by Ms. Medha Patkar and Baba Amte. • Principal ground of opposition were… a) Non fulfillment of basic environmental conditions. b) Insufficient plans & studies. c) Local inhabitants not being taken into confidence. d) Insufficient compensation. • It was a protest by the NBA that caught the World Bank’s attention and it's participation in these projects was cancelled in 1995. 15
- 16. Current status ofthe project • The work of raising of dam up to 121.92 m is completed. The Narmada Control Authority has given the permission on 12.06.2014 to raise the Dam height from 121.91 m to 138.68 m The work has been started on 12.06.2014 and the same will be completed within 2 years. • 67.46 LCM concrete work completed in May-2016. • All 29 piers are raised to full height. Construction of all 30 nos. of bridge span are also completed. • 6115 MT Radial Gates/Stoplog Gates are installed out of 7200 MT. 16
- 17. Environmental safeguard measures •Catchment Area Treatment works have been completed in the entire catchment area (29157 Ha) within Gujarat. • Compensatory afforestation has been carried out in 4650 hectares of non-forest area in kachahh district as well as 9300 hectares degraded forest area. Plantation in 5432 hectares has been completed in the vicinity of the dam. • The temples of Hameshwar and Shoolpaneshwar relocated to higher elevations. 17
- 18. 18 References Garg, S.K. (2015): Sewage disposal And Air Pollution Engineering, Khanna publishers, New Delhi http://www.sardarsarovardam.org http://www.ripublication.com Narmada diary: A documentary from http://www.spannerfilms.net http://www.environmentportal.in http://www.wikipedia.org
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- 21. 21 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Gujarat Madhya PradeshMaharashtra Total Submergencearea(ha) Riparian States Submergence Details of SSP (138.68 m) Agricultural Land Forest Land Waste Land
- 22. 22 0 50 100 150 200 250 Gujarat Madhya PradeshMaharashtra No.ofvillagessubmerged Riparian states Affected villages Fully submerged Partially submerged