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The science of genomics and livestock genetic improvement
The document discusses advancements in livestock genetic improvement, particularly through genomics and marker-assisted selection, highlighting significant increases in breeding efficiency and genetic gains. It details international collaborations and breeding programs in low-income countries, aiming to leverage genomic selection for improved livestock traits. The impact of these advancements on yield and health traits is emphasized, along with the necessity of immediate benefits for participating farmers.
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Introduction to genomics in livestock breeding, highlighting advancements and authors' affiliations.
Comparison of breeding traits from the 1960s to 2005 showing significant improvements in yield (e.g., FCR reduced by 43%).
Explanation of complex traits influenced by genes and environment, alongside classical models of genotype, phenotype, and environment.
Transition to genomics with QTL and Marker Assisted Selection (MAS), emphasizing advantages like early DNA measurement and computational strategies.
Discussion on accuracy and parameters affecting genomic selection, including training animals and cost-benefit ratios.
Significant reductions in generation intervals and considerable genetic gains observed, with improvements in yield and health traits through genomic selection. International efforts for measuring tricky traits, and strategies for genomic selection in low-income countries through organized programs.
Examples like the African Dairy Genetics Gains program showcasing stakeholder involvement and farmer feedback via technology.
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The science of genomics and livestock genetic improvement
- 1. The science ofgenomics and livestock genetic improvement Dirk Jan de Koning, Getinet Mekuriaw Tarekegn & Erling Strandberg Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, SLU [email protected]
- 2. Advances from breedingin the devloped world Species Trait 60s 2005 %- increase Broilers Days till 2 kg 100 40 60 Fillet, % 12 20 67 FCR 3,0 1,7 43 Layers Eggs/year 230 300 30 Eggs/ 1000 kg feed 5000 9000 80 Source: Table 1 i Van der Steen et al. J. Anim. Sci. 2005. 83:E1-E8 woodleywonderworks under Creative Commons
- 3. Thanks to plantand animal breeding 60s 2005 Reduced acreage Feed(kg) Ha Feed (kg) Ha 1000 kg lean pork 11750 6,5 5880 2,6 2,5x 1000 kg broiler meat 3000 1,7 1700 0,37 4,6x 10000 eggs 2000 1,1 1111 0,24 4,6x Creative Commons: Neil Palmer Creative Commons: woodleywonderworks Creative Commons: jere-me/
- 4. The observed traitis sum of many genes and environmental factors Complex Traits
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- 7. Marker Assisted Selection Accelerategenetic progress Measure DNA Markers early in life Even in embryos Sex limited traits Milk Litter size Traits measured in relatives Meat quality traits!
- 8. Three starting pointsfor MAS Ease of Detection Use Functional mutations - known genes Q q M m Q q Markers in pop.-wide LD with functional mutation Markers in pop.-wide LE with functional mutation Q q M m genes GAS LD-markers LD-MAS LE-markers LE-MAS
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- 11. MAS • Find QTLor genes and select specifically for favourable alleles • Need strategy to combine with EBV • LE-MAS computationally intensive • LE-MAS has major genotyping requirements Genomic Selection • Estimate effects across all markers and select on the sum of effects • Replaces EBV • Can be very computationally intensive • Major genotyping requirements
- 12. Genomic Selection: Accuracy Veryimportant when considering Genomic Selection: What accuracy can I achieve? How many animals do I need for training? How many markers do I need? What is the cost-benefit ratio?
- 13. Genomic Selection: Alittle example
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- 16. Generation intervals reduceddramatically Sires for bulls: ~7 => 2,5 years Dams for bulls: 4 => 2,5 years Selection differentials quite constant Genetic trends improved a lot Genetic gains increased 50-100% for yield traits 3x – 4x for traits with low heritability
- 19. International efforts fortricky traits Some traits are very expensive or difficult to measure. For example methane emission and individual feed intake. Large collaborations: each country (including Sweden) measures a number of cows Concern: genetic differences and GxE
- 20. Genomic Selection • Hasdoubled genetic progress for yield traits in dairy, 2-4- fold improvement for health traits! • Other species following suit. • Special case for crossbreeding species. • Crop breeding has been turned on its head by genomic selection • How do we deliver the benefits of modern breeding to low-income countries? • Faster in crops because seeds are easily stored and distributed!
- 21. Options for genomicselection in low income countries • Nucleus breeding programs • Centrally organized • Generic breeding goal • Good potential for species like poultry • Community based breeding programs • Locally organized • Use locally adapted genetic resources • May struggle to get suitable reference population • Any participatory approach needs immediate benefits for the participating farmers: not in the future.
- 22. Current examples • AfricanDairy Genetics Gains • Funded by ‘GATES’ foundation • Strong stakeholder involvement • Farmers submit data to the ADGG platform • Farmers receive feedback via iCOW: => 3 SMS/week Drip feeding manuals to farmers Mainly improved farm health • IlRI’s Livestock Genetics program: LiveGene
- 24. Useful links Misperceptions aboutlivestock: https://www.slideshare.net/ILRI/extinction-livestock- smithoct17 TED talk on ADGG: https://africadgg.wordpress.com/2018/02/09/livestock- genetics-program-works-with-farmers-to-boost-nutrition-in- africa/ B3 Africa: http://www.b3africa.org/