Everything we need to know about COVID-19

 Are large family of viruses which may cause illness in animals
or humans. In humans, several corona viruses are known to
cause respiratory infections ranging from the common cold to
more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
(MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).The
most recently discovered corona virus causes corona virus
disease COVID-19.
COVID-19 is the infectious disease caused by the most recently
discovered corona virus.This new virus and disease were
unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in
December 2019. COVID-19 is now a pandemic affecting many
countries globally

 31 December 2019 – Several Cases of Pneumonia inWuhan City, the
provincial capital of Hubei in China was reported in WHO.The causal agent is not
detected during this period.
 07 January 2020- A new virus was identified and confirmed by Chinese
authorities. It was a corona virus which is a family of viruses that include the
common cold ,and virus like SARS and MERS.
The newVirus is temporarily named
“2019-nCoV”
 11 January 2020 - A detailed information from National Health Commision
China was received byWHO that the outbreak is associated with in one seafood
market inWuhan.
 From 13 January 2020 different countries reported the imported case of lab
confirmed novel CoronaVirus from Wuhan.
 An evidenced that the disease is spread thru person to person contact as the
other patients reported that they have not had an exposure to animal market

Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms,
the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in
some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical
conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19
COMPLICATION

MODE OFTRANSMISSION
COVID 19 MOST
COMMONLY SPREAD
FROM INFECTED
PERSONTO OTHERS
THROUGH
CLOSE PERSON
CONTACT SUCH AS
TOUCHINGOR
SHAKING HANDS
THEAIR
COMING FROM
COUGHINGAND
SNEEZING
TOUCHING AN OBJECT OR
SURFACE WITHTHEVIRUS ON
IT,THENTOUCHING MOUTH,
NOSE, OR EYES BEFORE
WASHING HANDS
DROPLETOF
VOMITUS, RARE
FECAL
CONTAMINATION

People 65 years and older
People who live in a nursing home or long-term care facility
People of all ages with underlying medical conditions, particularly if not
well
controlled, including:
People with chronic lung disease or moderate to severe asthma
People who have serious heart conditions
People who are immuno compromised
Many conditions can cause a person to be immuno compromised,
including cancer treatment, smoking, bone marrow or organ
transplantation, immune deficiencies, poorly controlled HIV or AIDS,
and prolonged use of corticosteroids and other immune weakening
medications
People with severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] of 40 or higher)
People with diabetes
People with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis
People with liver disease

RealTime PCR test
Resulting DNA, creating enough to be examined in order to determine if it matches
the genetic code of SARS-CoV-2.[9]Real-time PCR provides advantages during the PCR
portion of this process, including automating it and enabling high-throughput and
more reliable instrumentation, and has become the preferred method.The test can be
done on respiratory samples obtained by various methods, including
a nasopharyngeal swab or sputum sample.Results are generally available within a few
hours to 2 days.The RT-PCR test performed with throat swabs is only reliable in the
first week of the disease. Later on the virus can disappear in the throat while it
continues to multiply in the lungs
PCR BASED
AVAILABLETEST FOR COVID19

Isothermal amplification assays
Isothermal amplification assays
There are a number of isothermal nucleic acid amplification methods that in principle
work like PCR, amplifying a piece of the virus's genome, but are faster than PCR
because they don't involve repeated cycles of heating and cooling the sample.
 ID NOW COVID-19
•Uses isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology instead of PCR.The assay
amplifies a unique region of the virus's RdRp gene; the resulting copies are then
detected with "fluorescently-labeled molecular beacons".The device can be used in
laboratories or in patient care settings.
•The ID NOW™ COVID-19 assay is now available for use on the ID NOW platform
under U.S. Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization (EUA).The
ID NOW™ COVID-19 rapid test delivers high-quality molecular positive results in as
little as 5 minutes, targeting the coronavirus (COVID-19) RdRp Gene.
Timely results enable healthcare professionals to make appropriate and more
efficient treatment and infection control decisions. EUA supports flexible near patient
testing environments.

SerologyTest
CDC’s serologic test is based on a set of serologic tests that CDC developed
and optimized external icon to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum,
which is a component of blood.These tests use live virus (isolated by CDC in
February 2020) and a specific SARS-CoV-2 protein, the spike antigen
(designed and produced by theVaccine Research Centerexternal icon at the
National Institutes of Health).
CDC’s serologic test is designed to detect antibodies produced in response to
SARS-CoV-2 and to avoid detection of antibodies against other common
coronaviruses that cause less severe illnesses, such as colds.
CDC’s test has a specificity of greater than 99% and a sensitivity of 96% based
on initial tests. It can be used to identify past SARS-CoV-2 infection in people
who were infected at least 1 to 3 weeks previously.

AntigenTest
An antigen is the part of a pathogen that elicits an immune response.While RT-PCR tests
look for RNA from the virus and antibody tests detect human antibodies that have been
generated against the virus (detectable days or weeks after the infection sets in), antigen
tests look for proteins from the surface of the virus. In the case of a corona virus these are
usually proteins from the surface spikes, and a nasal swab is used to collect samples from
the nasal cavity. One of the difficulties has been finding a protein target unique to SARS-
CoV-2.There are related corona viruses that cause the common cold.
Antigen tests are seen by many as the only way it will be possible to scale up testing to the
numbers that will really be needed to detect acute infection on the scale
required. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests, such as the test from Abbot Labs, can
only process one sample at a time per machine.

Most people who become ill with COVID-19 will be able to recover at home.
No specific treatments for COVID-19 exist right now. But some of the same things
you do to feel better if you have the flu getting enough rest, staying well hydrated,
and taking medications to relieve fever and aches and pains also help with COVID-19.
In the meantime, scientists are working hard to develop effective treatments.
Therapies that are under investigation include drugs that have been used to treat
malaria and autoimmune diseases; antiviral drugs that were developed for other
viruses, and antibodies from people who have recovered from COVID-19.
CONVALESCENT PLASMA — literally plasma from recovered patients — has been
used for more than 100 years to treat a variety of illnesses from measles to polio,
chickenpox, and SARS. In the current situation, antibody-containing plasma from a
recovered patient is given by transfusion to a patient who is suffering from COVID-19.
The donor antibodies help the patient fight the illness, possibly shortening the length
or reducing the severity of the disease.
TREATMENT

ANTIVIRALTREATMENT FOR COVID 19
Currently there is no specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19.
However, drugs previously developed to treat other viral infections are being tested to
see if they might also be effective against the virus that causes COVID-19.
HYDROCHLOROQUINE AND CHLOROQUINE
Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have been shown to kill the COVID-19 virus in the
laboratory dish.The drugs appear to work through two mechanisms. First, they make it
harder for the virus to attach itself to the cell, inhibiting the virus from entering the cell
and multiplying within it. Second, if the virus does manage to get inside the cell, the
drugs kill it before it can multiply.
AZITHROMYCIN
Azithromycin is never used for viral infections. However, this antibiotic does have some
anti-inflammatory action.There has been speculation, though never proven, that
azithromycin may help to dampen an overactive immune response to the COVID-19
infection.

TREATMENT
REMDESIVER
This is developed to treat several other severe viral diseases, including the disease
caused by Ebola virus (not a coronavirus). It works by inhibiting the ability of the
coronavirus to reproduce and make copies of itself: if it can't reproduce, it can't make
copies that spread and infect other cells and other parts of the body.
It inhibited the ability of the coronaviruses that cause SARS and MERS to infect cells in
a laboratory dish.
Effective in treating these coronaviruses in animals: there was a reduction in the amount
of virus in the body, and also an improvement in lung disease caused by the virus.
The drug appears to be effective in the laboratory dish, in protecting cells against
infection by the COVID virus (as is true of the SARS and MERS coronaviruses), but more
studies are underway to confirm that this is true.
Remdesivir was used in the first case of COVID-19 that occurred inWashington state,
in January 2020.The patient was severely ill, but survived. Of course, experience in one
patient does not prove the drug is effective.

COVID 19 pandemic may cause some mental disorder to
healthcare staff and these are the following:
Acute stress disorder
Depression
Alcohol Abuse
post-traumatic stress symptoms
Avoidance Behavior
Suicide

Take time out between shifts and break the thought chain and switch to
something that makes you feel good. It could be a short walk, hot cup of coffe/tea
or a short game on your mobile.
Talk to someone how are you feeling. It could be colleague, friend or a family
member.
Engage in physical exercise of any kind . It helps keep you in good mental health
Try to follow a routine as this helps you feel in control
Remember the em0tion you experience in any situation is directly impacted by
meaning you attach to it
Give conscious attention to things that are going well, acknowledge them and
celebrate in whatever way possible.This too helps in regaining a sense of control.
Limit the time you spend reading about COVID 19 or listening to news, don’t
doing it recurrently throught the day. It’s good to be informed but try not to
become obsessed about following updates.
Work on calming your mind before you sleep by taking bath, meditationg or
listening to calming musicso that your sleep has most rejuvinating effect on you.
HEALTHCARE WORKERS ARE CONSIDER AS THE MAIN PLAYER AGAINST THIS PANDEMIC.
HERE ARE SOME ADVICE IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE MENTAL WELL BEING.

Corona virus disease (COVID-19) advice for the
Public: Myth busters
There are currently no drugs licensed for the treatment or prevention of
COVID-19
Adding pepper to your soup or other meals DOES NOT prevent or cure
COVID-19
COVID-19 IS NOT transmitted through houseflies
Spraying and introducing bleach or another disinfectant into your bodyWILL
NOT protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous
Drinking methanol, ethanol or bleach DOES NOT prevent or cure COVID-19
and can be extremely dangerous
5G mobile networks DO NOT spread COVID-19
Exposing yourself to the sun or to temperatures higher than 25C degrees
DOES NOT prevent the coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
You can recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Catching the new
coronavirus DOES NOT mean you will have it for life.
Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or
feeling discomfort DOES NOT mean you are free from the coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) or any other lung disease
Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be
dangerous

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the
public: Myth busters
COVID-19 virus can be transmitted in areas with hot and humid climates
Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.
Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease
The new coronavirus CANNOT be transmitted through mosquito bites.
Hand dryers is not effective in killing the new coronavirus.
Ultra-violet (UV) lamps should not be used to disinfect hands or other areas
of your skin
Vaccines against pneumonia, such as pneumococcal vaccine and
Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) vaccine, do not provide protection
against the new coronavirus.
There is no evidence that regularly rinsing the nose with saline has
protected people from infection with the new coronavirus.
Garlic is a healthy food that may have some antimicrobial properties.
However, there is no evidence from the current outbreak that eating garlic
has protected people from the new coronavirus.
People of all ages can be infected by the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
Older people, and people with pre-existing medical conditions (such as
asthma, diabetes, heart disease) appear to be more vulnerable to becoming
severely ill with the virus.

REFERENCES
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-
20479963
https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses
https://www.genesishcs.org/news-publications/newsroom/6-tips-to-protect-yourself-
against-infections-infographic/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing#Available_tests
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-at-higher-
risk.html
https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/treatments-for-covid-19
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-
public/myth-busters
https://www.moph.gov.qa/english/Pages/Mental-Health-and-Wellbeing.aspx
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/serology-testing.html

These slides is uploaded for
information and as a partial
requirement of Philippine Women’s
University in Master of Nursing(MAN);
Subject: Nursing Practicum

Everything we need to know about COVID-19

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Everything we need to know about COVID-19