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![EVs 101
Well-to-Wheels Efficiency
Generation
33%
Transmission
94%
Plug-to-Wheels
76%
Refining
82%
Transmission
98%
Pump-to-Wheels
16%
23%
13%
31%
80%
Well-to-Tank Tank-to-Wheels
31% 76% = 23%
80% 16% = 13%
[http://www.nesea.org/]]
Source: http://www.nesea.org](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/evs101-11-13-09web-240619071157-07b1e980/75/EVs-motor-introdu101-11-13-09-web-ppt-16-2048.jpg)
![EVs 101
How PHEV’s Work
All-electric range
Get home with exactly
no battery left
Charge-sustaining
mode
[Tate, Harpster, and Savagian 2008]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/evs101-11-13-09web-240619071157-07b1e980/75/EVs-motor-introdu101-11-13-09-web-ppt-17-2048.jpg)
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- 1. EVs 101 Electric Vehicles101 An Introduction By Dan Lauber Nov 13, 2009
- 2. EVs 101 Electric Vehicles101 A Brief History Advantages Challenges Meeting the Challenge EV’s Today EV’s at MIT
- 3. EVs 101 Kinds ofElectric Vehicles Locomotives Golf Carts Fork Lifts Busses Nuclear Submarines Elevators Sources: www.umcycling.com/mbtabus.html, GE, Toyota
- 4. EVs 101 Kinds ofElectric Cars Hydrogen Fuel Cell Solar Racer Hybrid Full-Size Battery Electric Neighborhood Electric MIT CityCar Sources: Honda, Toyota, GEM, MIT
- 5. EVs 101 History ofEV’s 1830’s Battery electric vehicle invented by Thomas Davenport, Robert Anderson, others - using non-rechargeable batteries Davenport’s car holds all vehicle land speed records until ~1900 1890’s EV’s outsold gas cars 10 to 1, Oldsmobile and Studebaker started as EV companies 1904 First speeding ticket, issued to driver of an EV Krieger Company builds first hybrid vehicle 1910’s Mass-produced Ford cars undercut hand-built EV’s EV’s persist as status symbols and utility vehicles until Great Depression Ford Electric #2 Detroit Electric Source: http://www.eaaev.org/History/index.html
- 6. EVs 101 1968 –Great Electric Car Race Trans-continental race between MIT and Caltech 53 charging stations, spaced 60 mi apart MIT’s car used $20k of NiCd batteries ($122k in 2008 dollars), CalTech’s cost $600
- 7. EVs 101 1970 -Clean Air Car Race 50+ cars raced from MIT to Caltech using many alternative powertrains CalTech – Regenerative braking Boston Electric Car Club – Battery Swapping Toronto University – Parallel hybrid design very similar to modern Prius architecture MIT – Series hybrid and electrically commutated motor Sources: see http://mit.edu/evt/CleanAirCarRace.html
- 8. EVs 101 1990’s –EV1:Who Killed the Electric Car? Program cost > $1bn 800 units leased $574/mo. Lease without state rebates 2 seats 80-140 mi. range MSRP $33,999 Real Pricetag (estimated) $80,000+ GM’s actual cost per vehicle leased $1,250,000 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1 AKA: Would you have bought it? REALLY?
- 9. EVs 101 What isan EV? And how does it work?
- 10.
- 11. EVs 101 Degrees ofHybridization The vehicle is a…. If it… Automatically stops/starts the engine in stop-and-go traffic Uses regenerative braking and operates above 60 volts Uses an electric motor to assist a combustion engine Can drive at times using only the electric motor Recharges batteries from a wall outlet for extended all-electric range Source: http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-center-how-hybrid-cars-work-under-the-hood.html Micro Hybrid Citroën C3 Mild Hybrid Honda Insight Plug-in Hybrid Chevy Volt Full Hybrid Toyota Prius Efficiency
- 12. EVs 101 Energy Loss: City Driving Engine Loss 76% Engine Standby 8% Driveline Losses 3% Driveline Aero 3% Rolling 4% Braking 6% Fuel Tank 100% 16% 13% POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance 2005 3 L Toyota Camry
- 13. EVs 101 Energy Loss: Highway Driving Engine Loss 77% Engine Standby 0% Driveline Losses 4% Driveline Aero 10% Rolling 7% Braking 2% Fuel Tank: 100% 23% 19% POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related Highway Drive Cycle Energy Balance 2005 3 L Toyota Camry
- 14. EVs 101 •Can eliminateengine entirely •Engine downsizing •Decoupling of engine and wheel Energy Saving : Hybrid Systems Engine Loss 76% Engine Standby 8% Driveline Losses 3% Driveline Aero 3% Rolling 4% Braking 6% Fuel Tank: 100% 16% 13% Micro Hybrid Eliminates Mild Hybrid Reduces Plug-in Full Hybrid Reduces
- 15. EVs 101 Energy Loss: City Driving – Electric Vehicle Motor Loss 10% Motor Driveline Losses 14% Driveline Aero 29% Rolling 35% Braking 11% Batteries 100% 90% 76% POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance
- 16. EVs 101 Well-to-Wheels Efficiency Generation 33% Transmission 94% Plug-to-Wheels 76% Refining 82% Transmission 98% Pump-to-Wheels 16% 23% 13% 31% 80% Well-to-TankTank-to-Wheels 31% 76% = 23% 80% 16% = 13% [http://www.nesea.org/]] Source: http://www.nesea.org
- 17. EVs 101 How PHEV’sWork All-electric range Get home with exactly no battery left Charge-sustaining mode [Tate, Harpster, and Savagian 2008]
- 18.
- 19. EVs 101 What isan EPA rating? Conditions Drive cycle: e.g. city or highway cycle, real- world, or constant speed Test temperature Start: (warm or cold) Fuel: convert to gasoline-equivalent Test mass: (accounts for passengers and cargo) MPGe rating PHEV’s
- 20. EVs 101 Terminology Stateof charge (SOC) Battery capacity, expressed as a percentage of maximum capacity Depth of Discharge (DOD) The percentage of battery capacity that has been discharged Capacity The total Amp-hours (Amp-hr) available when the battery is discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100% SOC Energy The total Watt-hours (Wh) available when the battery is discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100% SOC Specific Energy (Wh/kg) The total Watt-hours (Wh) per unit mass Specific Power Maximum power (Watts) that the battery can provide per unit mass, function of internal resistance of battery
- 21.
- 22. EVs 101 Benefits ofEVs and PHEVs More efficient, lower fuel costs, lower emissions Simpler transmission, fewer moving parts Fuel Choice Oil/energy independence Emissions improve with time Emissions at few large locations is easier to control than millions of tailpipes
- 23. EVs 101 V2G (Vehicleto Grid) Technology Allows communication between utility and vehicle Allow integration of more renewables like wind Used EV batteries could be used as stationary batteries for utilities With so much focus on energy efficiency reducing electricity sales and expensive renewable energy generation mandated, EVs could be a welcome new segment for utilities They could still be a nightmare Batteries could provide ancillary services Source: McKinsey
- 24. EVs 101 Night-time Charging 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 7:12AM 12:00 PM 4:48 PM 9:36 PM 2:24 AM 7:12 AM 12:00 PM MW Demand . Peak wind power production
- 25.
- 26. EVs 101 Power GridCapacity Source: McKinsey, Mike Khusid When BEV’s represent 20% of the vehicle market, they comprise only 2% of the power market
- 27. EVs 101 Operating Costs On-boardenergy consumption 300 Wh/mile Charging Efficiency 90% Electricity consumption 333 Wh/mile Electricity Cost 10 cents/mile Driving Cost (electricity only) 3.3 cents/mile Fuel economy 25 MPG Fuel Cost $2.00/gallon Driving Cost (fuel only) 8.0 cents/mile Conventional Gasoline Vehicle Battery Electric Vehicle At 15,000 miles/year, you would save $700/year on fuel The estimated price range for advanced batteries is $500 - $1,000 per kWh ~ buying 1 kWh of battery energy (~3 miles of electric range) each year
- 28.
- 29. EVs 101 Biofuels vs.Biomass, Solar Biomass Electricity about 80% more efficient than Biofuel Solar Panels to charge a car would fit on your roof.
- 30. EVs 101 Challenges Why don’tthey catch on? A conspiracy?
- 31. EVs 101 Gasoline: The(almost) perfect fuel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density
- 32. EVs 101 Energy Equivalency 135MJ of energy 21 Li-ion batteries (Car battery size) 2.7 kg 340 kg Gas 1 Gallon Batteries 54 gal
- 33. EVs 101 Challenges LimitedRange Large battery weight/size Long Charge times High initial cost Battery life Consumer acceptance Grid Integration
- 34. EVs 101 Operating Costs In Europe, $60/barrel oil is enough, In the US, $4/gal gas is needed to be price competitive
- 35. EVs 101 Addressing customerperception Accepting limited range Most people drive less than 40 mi/day Most cars are parked 23 hours of the day anyway Smaller vehicles & reduced performance In the last 30 years, nearly 100% of efficiency improvements have gone to increasing vehicle size and performance, not reducing consumption How do you get people to charge at the right time? Source: On the Road in 2035, Heywood, et.al.
- 36.
- 37. EVs 101 Range Anxiety Battery Swapping vs. Fast Charging Source: http://pneumaticaddict.wordpress.com/2009/03/10/hybridcarscom-mercedes-rejects-electric-car-battery-swapping/
- 38. EVs 101 Better PlaceModel Business plan like that of mobile phone Better Place owns the batteries, the consumer pays for energy (miles) Plan includes charging stations and battery swapping So far: Israel, Denmark Australia, California, Hawaii, and Canada 100,000 charging stations planned for Hawaii by 2012
- 39. EVs 101 Rapid Charging Batteries Altairnano A123 Balance of system Rapid Charge Stations – Don’t need many Refueling a car is ~10MW going through your hand
- 40. EVs 101 Batteries Lithiumsources We’re not Lithium constrained Abundant Recyclable Recycling – 90% recoverable Extending battery life Battery management systems Weight/Volume reductions Alternative chemistries
- 41. EVs 101 Battery Cost: Learning Curves Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve
- 42. EVs 101 Initial Cost Companies that sell cars, but lease the batteries Leases like Power Purchase Agreements Split operating cost savings with financer Charging Infrastructure Charging subscription plans
- 43. EVs 101 2008 FederalPlug-in Electric Drive Vehicle Tax Credit $0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 $14,000 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 Battery Energy (kWh) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Miles Tax Credit Value Battery Cost (Low) Battery Cost (Mid) Battery Cost (High) Electric Range (Estimate)
- 44. EVs 101 Adoption Rateof EV’s Source: Thomas Becker, UC Berkeley, 2009
- 45. EVs 101 Looking Forward Tipping point will be ~2020 when 10% of vehicles sold will be BEV’s Battery cost: ~$700-$1,500 / kWh, down to $420 by 2015, but still too high. Price Premium PHEV40 $11,800 > ICE EV100 $24,100 > ICE Long-term PHEV’s will beat out HEV’s PHEV’s likely to dominate BEVs A 30-50% reduction in fuel consumption by 2035 *Heywood 47% reduction by 2030 *McKinsey Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve ; http://newenergynews.blogspot.com/2009/08/mckinsey-looks-at-coming-ev-phenomenon.html
- 46. EVs 101 EVs NOW Whencan I get one?
- 47.
- 48. EVs 101 Tesla Roadster Topspeed: 125 mph Acceleration: 0-60 in 3.7 sec Range: 244 mi MSRP: $110,000
- 49. EVs 101 EV’s AvailableSoon Fisker Karma (PHEV50) $87,900 Delivery 2010 Tesla Model S $57,400 Delivery ~2012 2011 Chevy Volt (PHEV40) $40,000
- 50. EVs 101 EV’s AvailableSoon 2010 Mitsubishi I MIEV $24,000 (Japan) 2010 Aptera 2e ~$25,000 (PHEV100) Th!nk City ~$25,000 (europe) 2010 Nissan Leaf $25,000 (30 min charge) And many others…
- 51. EVs 101 @MIT EVs Aroundthe Institute
- 52. EVs 101 MIT ElectricVehicle Team (EVT) Porsche elEVen eMoto TTXGP
- 53.
- 54. EVs 101 MIT VehicleDesign Summit Student team working towards a 100+ mpg vehicle Series hybrid architecture Lightweight body and chassis Life cycle cost analysis and minimization Shared use model for transportation efficiency Contact Anna Jaffe, [email protected]
- 55. EVs 101 MIT SolarElectric Vehicle Team Founded in 1985 Design, build and race solar cars Just placed 2nd in the 10th World Solar Challenge mitsolar.com
- 56. EVs 101 MIT VehicleStuff EVT SEVT Vehicle Design Summit Transportation @ MIT Sloan Lab Seminars Media Lab – City Car, course Spinoffs A123 Solectria Genasun
- 57. EVs 101 Thank You “No single technology development or alternative fuel can solve the problems of growing transportation fuel use and GHG emissions.” – John Heywood Dan Lauber – [email protected] http://mit.edu/evt