E-waste Mgmt-Prof B Dubey.pdf

E-waste Mgmt-Prof B Dubey.pdf

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  Credits: Prof B.Dubey, IIT Kharagpur E- Waste Management
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  11‐09‐2017 1 BRAJESH KUMAR DUBEY DEPARTMENTOF CIVIL ENGINEERING Electronic Waste Management in India - Overview Contents  Introduction  What is E-waste?  Categories in E-waste  Why we need to manage/recycle?  E-waste generation in India  Facts & figures  E-waste management status in India  Conclusions  Web references 2 “E-Waste” for short – or “Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment” (WEEE) - is the term used to describe old, end-of- life or discarded appliances using electricity. It includes computers, consumer electronics, fridges etc. which have been disposed of by their original users Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices or parts 3 Introduction  Waste is an outcome of product or a substance that is no longer suited for its intended use.  Hazardous and non hazardous waste.  Threat to human health and the environment if it is not handled properly.  Industrial, biomedical waste, Electronic & electrical equipment are the examples categories.  Highly Required to be disposed off as per national laws. 4 What is E-waste?  Electronic and Electrical items, contains toxic wastes, cadmium, lead and several different toxic substances which are not biodegradable.  When they’re dumped off, contamination in Air, Surface & Ground water, Soil occurs.  The wastes that is generated from electronic and electrical products called the e-waste. 5  With the presence of deadly chemicals and toxic substances in the electronic gadgets, disposal of e waste is becoming an environmental and health nightmare.  Globally only 15 – 20 percent of e-waste is recycled while the rest is dumped into developing countries. 6 What is E-waste? Contd. Image courtesy: www.googleimages.com
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  11‐09‐2017 2 Categories in Ewaste Electrical and Electronic equipment can be Categorized into..  Large household appliances. Refrigerator, freezer, washing machine & other appliances.  Small household appliances Vacuum cleaners, watches, grinders, etc.  IT and telecommunication equipment PCs, printers, telephones, etc. 7 Categories in E waste…  Consumer equipment TV, radio, cam, amplifiers etc  Lighting equipment CFL, High intensity Sodium lamp.  Medical devices Radiotherapy equipment, cardiology, dialysis, nuclear medicine, etc.  Automatic dispensers For hot drinks, hot & cold bottles 8 Categories of E-waste (A) Information and Communication Technology Equipment Computers, Laptops, Mobiles, Computer Accessories, Printers, Copying Equipment etc. Consumer Electronics Toaster, Coffee machines, Clocks, Watches, Hair dryer, Shavers etc. Large Household Appliances Refrigerator, Freezer, Washing machine, Cooking appliances etc. 9 Categories of E-waste (B) Large Household Appliances Refrigerator, Freezer, Washing machine, Cooking appliances etc. Small Household Appliances Vacuum cleaner, Watch, Grinders, Hair dryer etc. Electrical and Electronic Tools Drills, Saws, Sewing Machines etc. 10 Categories of E-waste Consumer Equipment TV, Radio, Video Camera, Amplifiers etc. Lightning Equipment CFL, Sodium Vapor Lamp, Fan, Switches, Wires etc. Toys, Leisure and Sports Equipment Computers, Phones, Video games, Electric trains etc. 11 Categories of E-waste Medical Devices Monitoring and Controlling Equipment and Automatic Dispenser Radiotherapy, Cardiology, Neurology, Dialysis equipment etc. Smoke Detector, Thermostat, ATM, Coffee vendors etc. 12
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  11‐09‐2017 3 Ferrous Metal 36% Non‐ferrous Metal 19% Plastic 23% Glass 15% Others 7% E‐waste Composition(%) Composition of E-waste (Indian Scenario) Composition of E-waste Ferrous Metal Iron and Steel Non-ferrous Metal Aluminium, Copper, Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Gold, Silver, Palladium, Indium, Arsenic, Selenium Plastic Brominated and Non-brominated Plastic Glass Lead glass and normal glass Others Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition 13 Composition of E-waste (Indian Scenario) Material Large Household Appliance Small Household Appliance ICT & Consumer Electronics Lamps Ferrous Metal 43 29 36 - Non-ferrous Metal 27.67 26.19 9 14.3 Plastic 19.31 37.75 30 3.7 Glass 0.02 0.16 19.3 77 Others 10 6.9 5.7 5 Total 100 100 100 100 Source: “E-WASTE IN INDIA”, RESEARCH UNIT (LARRDIS), RAJYA SABHA SECRETARIAT, NEW DELHI, JUNE, 2011 14 State E-waste Generated (tonnes) Maharashtra 20,270 Tamil Nadu 13,490 Andhra Pradesh 12,780 Uttar Pradesh 10,380 West Bengal 10,100 Delhi 9,730 Karnataka 9,120 Gujarat 9,000 Madhya Pradesh 7,800 Punjab 6,960 Others 36,610 Total 1,46,240 Maharashtra 14% Tamil Nadu 9% Andhra Pradesh 9% Uttar Pradesh 7% West Bengal 7% Delhi 7% Karnataka 6% Gujarat 6% Madhya Pradesh 5% Punjab 5% Others 25% State Wise E-Waste Generation ( in Tonnes) in India Source: Country level WEEE assessment study by the International Resource Group Systems South Asia Pvt. Ltd (IRGSSA), (m/s IRG Systems South Asia Pvt. Ltd), 2005. 15 Top 10 E-Waste Generating Cities ( in Tonnes) in India City E-Waste Generated ( in Tonnes) Mumbai 11017 Delhi 9730 Bangalore 4648 Chennai 4132 Kolkata 4025 Ahmedabad 3287 Hyderabad 2833 Pune 2584 Surat 1836 Nagpur 1769 Source: Country level WEEE assessment study by the International Resource Group Systems South Asia Pvt. Ltd (IRGSSA), (m/s IRG Systems South Asia Pvt. Ltd), 2005. 16 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 14.68 33.3 40.29 48.75 58.99 71.38 86.37 104.5 126.45 153 185.14 X 10000 E-waste Growth in India (in MT)  Highest per capita E-waste generating state – DELHI  Lowest per capita E-waste generating State – BIHAR  India is the fifth biggest producer of e-waste in the world, discarding 1.7 million tonnes (Mt) of electronic and electrical equipment in 2014 Source: Country level WEEE assessment study by the International Resource Group Systems South Asia Pvt. Ltd (IRGSSA), (m/s IRG Systems South Asia Pvt. Ltd), 2005. 17 Facts & Figures  3 billion electronic and electrical appliances became WEEE in 2010.  Globally about to 20 – 50 million tonnes of E-Waste are disposed each year, accounts 5%.  According to Comptroller and Auditor-General’s (CAG) Report, over 7.2 MT of Industrial Hazardous Waste, 4 lakh Tonnes of electronic waste, 1.5 MT of Plastic waste, 1.7 MT of medical waste and 48 MT of municipal waste are generated in the country annually..  The Exponential growth of e-waste in India 18
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  11‐09‐2017 4 Environmental and HealthHazards Pollutant Use/ Occurrence Danger Arsenic Semiconductors, diodes, microwaves, LEDs (Light- emitting diodes), solar cells Chronic exposure to arsenic can lead to various diseases of the skin and decrease nerve conduction velocity. Chronic exposure to arsenic can also cause lung cancer and can often be fatal Barium Electron tubes, filler for plastic and rubber, lubricant additives Short-term exposure to barium could lead to brain swelling, muscle weakness, damage to the heart, liver and spleen. Animal studies reveal increased blood pressure and changes in the heart from ingesting barium over a long period of time Beryllium switch boards and printed circuit board Carcinogenic; Chronic Beryllium Disease (beryllicosis), a disease which primarily affects the lungs. Exposure to beryllium also causes a form of skin disease that is characterised by poor wound healing and wart-like bumps Bromiated Fllame Retardant Casing, circuit boards (plastic), cables, PVC cables Combustion of halogenated case material and printed wiring boards at lower temperatures releases toxic emissions including dioxins which can lead to severe hormonal disorders Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition & http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/index.htm 19 Environmental and Health Hazards Pollutant Use/ Occurrence Danger Cadmium Batteries, pigments, solder, alloys, circuit boards, computer batteries, monitor cathode ray tubes (CRTs) A carcinogen. Long-term exposure causes Itai-itai disease, which causes severe pain in the joints and spine. It affects the kidneys and softens bones Chrome Dyes/pigments, switches, solar Inhaling hexavalent chromium or chromium 6 can damage liver and kidneys and cause bronchial maladies including asthmatic bronchitis and lung cancer. Cobalt Insulators Accumulate to toxic levels in the liver, kidney, pancreas, and heart, as well as the skeleton and skeletal muscle. Cobalt has been found to produce tumors in animals and is likely a human carcinogen as well Copper Conducted in cables, copper ribbons, coils, circuitry, pigments Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Liver Damage, Kidney Damage, Death Lead Lead rechargeable batteries, solar, transistors, lithium batteries, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) stabilizers, lasers, LEDs, thermoelectric elements, circuit boards A neurotoxin that affects the kidneys and the reproductive system. High quantities can be fatal. It affects mental development in children Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition & http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/index.htm 20 Environmental and Health Hazards Pollutant Use/ Occurrence Danger Liquid Crystals Displays Lithium Mobile telephones, photographic equipment, video equipment (batteries) Corrosive to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. Inhalation of the substance may cause lung oedema Mercury Components in copper machines and steam irons; batteries in clocks and pocket calculators, switches, LCDs Affects the central nervous system, kidneys and immune system. It impairs foetus growth and harms infants through mother’s milk. Nickel Alloys, batteries, relays, semiconductors, pigments lung cancer, nose cancer, larynx cancer and prostate cancer, Asthma and chronic bronchitis, Carcinogenic. Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition & http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/index.htm 21 Environmental and Health Hazards Pollutant Use/ Occurrence Danger PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) Transformers, capacitors, softening agents for paint, glue, plastic PCBs have also been shown to cause a number of serious non-cancer health effects in animals, including effects on the immune system, reproductive system, nervous system, endocrine system and other health effects Plastics circuit boards, cabinets and cables Carcinogenic. It can harm reproductive and immune systems. Burning PVC, a component of plastics, also produces dioxins. BFR can leach into landfills. Selenium Photoelectric cells, pigments, photocopiers, fax machines Exposure to high concentrations of selenium compounds cause selenosis. The major signs of selenosis are hair loss, nail brittleness, and neurological abnormalities (such as numbness and other odd sensations in the extremities) Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition & http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/index.htm 22 Environmental and Health Hazards Pollutant Use/ Occurrence Danger Silver Capacitors, switches (contacts), batteries, resistors Cardiac abnormalities, permanent brain and nervous system damage Zinc Steel, brass, alloys, disposable and rechargeable batteries, luminous substances Too much zinc can still cause eminent health problems, such as stomach cramps, skin irritations, vomiting, nausea and anaemia Toner Dust Toner cartridges for laser printers / copiers An irritant to people with respiratory conditions such as asthma or bronchitis Americium Medical equipment, fire detectors, active sensing element in smoke detectors Radioactivity Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Cooling unit, Insulation foam deleterious effect on the ozone layer. This results in increased incidence of skin cancer in humans and in genetic damage in many organisms Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition & http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/index.htm 23 Hazard due to Improper Disposal Disposal Type Hazard Incineration Brominated flame retardants at a high temperature of 600- 800ºC generate extremely toxic polybrominated dioxins (PBDDs)and polybrominated furans (PBDfs); PVCs generate toxic flue gas; Landfilling Hazardous metal (e.g. Lead, Chromium, Mercury, Cadmium etc.), PCBs, PBDEs leach into the soil and groundwater. Recycling It often causes hazardous emission, due to recycling of plastics, halogenated substances and heavy metals like lead, cadmium etc. Shredding without proper disassembly causes hazardous substances dispersed into environment. Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition 24
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  11‐09‐2017 5 Why do weneed to recycle ?  Land filling of e wastes can lead to the leaching of lead into the ground water.  If the CRT is crushed and burned, it emits toxic fumes into the air.  The cadmium from one mobile phone battery is enough to pollute 600 m3 of water.  Huge impact on health & Environment because of E-waste around.  Unfortunately, Barely 4% of the E Waste produced in India is recycled. 25 BRAJESH KUMAR DUBEY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Electronic Waste Management in India - Overview Why do we need to recycle ? Image courtesy: www.cleanindia.org Huge gap between generation & recycling of E-Waste 27 Management of E-Waste E-waste (WEEE) Sorting Repairing Dismantling Upgrading Testing Refurbishing Component Recovery (including CRT) Residual Disposal Packing Captive Use Sale Precious Metal Recovery Scrap Environment Friendly Disposal Source: “E-WASTE IN INDIA”, RESEARCH UNIT (LARRDIS), RAJYA SABHA SECRETARIAT, NEW DELHI, JUNE, 2011 28 TOP E-WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPANIES IN INDIA 29 Address: B-41/1, Peenya Industrial Area, 3rd Stg, Peenya Industrial Area, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560058 Phone: 080 2836 0902 30
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  11‐09‐2017 6 Delhi Gurgaon (Haryana) Mumbai Kolkata Hyderabad Chennai Bangalore Kerala Address: Plot No.37,APIIC IndustrialPark,IDA Mankhal, Mankhal Industrial Development Area, Malikdanguda, Telangana 501359 Phone:1800 419 0161 31 Steps followed by the company for recycling Recycling efficiency is to recover up to 98% of recyclable products and dispose off the remaining hazardous waste through TSDF. (Hazardous Waste Transportation and Disposal Services) 32 Unit details  Unit : M/s. Earth Sense Recycle Pvt Ltd.  Head Quarters: Chennai  Capacity (MTA): 2160  Units locations: Andhra Pradesh (1,800 MTA) , Maharashtra (360 MTA), and 4 more.  Collection center locations: Trivandrum, Coimbatore, Kolkata, Bengaluru. 33 KARNATAKA TAMIL NADU UTTAR PRADESH 34 Delhi Hyderabad Delhi Hyderabad ADDRESS: H-59 Sector 63, Noida, UP 201301, P: +91-120-4087100 F: +91-120-4087101 35 Attero’s recycling, is the only unit which does the complete e- waste management process with its end to end e-cycling plant, zero dumping technology. 36