Download to read offline
Female_Reproductive_System presentationn
- 1. MS. SAYLI PATIL NURSINGTUTOR YMT SCHOOL OF NURSING KHARGHAR FEMALE RERODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- 2. FEMALE RERODUCTIVE SYSTEM •The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring • In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetus to full term. • The organs and structure of the female reproductive system give women ability to produce a baby.
- 3. • The femalereproductive system consist of following organs:- 2 types 1) THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA OR EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS • Vulva • Mons pubis • Labia majora • Labia minora • Clitoris • Bartholin’s glands • Urethra • Hymen • Perineum • Mammary glands (breast)
- 4. 2) THE INTERNALGENITALIA OR INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS:- • Vagina • Cervix • Uterus • Fallopian Tube (Uterine Tubes) • Ovaries
- 7. THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA OREXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS
- 11. I) VUVLA • Externalfemale genitalia – vulva. • Consist of labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis, clitoris, opening of urethra, vaginal vestibule, vestibular bulbs and vestribular glands. • Labia majora – large lips. • Labia minora – small lips. • Term VAGINA – internal structure • Term VULVA – external structure.
- 12. II) MONS PUBIS •Rounded mass of fatty tissue found over pubic symphysis of the pubic bone. • After puberty it is covered with pubic hair, usually in a triangular shape. • Heredity can play a role in the amount of pubic hair in individual grows. • Mons pubis is an area of fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone in both males and females.
- 13. III) LABIA MAJORA •Outer lips of the vulva • Pads of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue as well as smooth muscles. • Labia majora wrap around the vulva from the mons pubis to the perineum • The colour of the outside skin of labia majora is usually same as the colour of the individual. • Inside skin is usually pink to light brown. • They contains numerous sweat and oil glands.
- 14. IV) LABIA MINORA •Medial to the labia majora --- labia minora. • Inner lips of vulva. • Thin stretches of tissue within labia majora. • It protects vagina, urethra and clitoris. • There is no pubic hair on labia minora. • It protects vaginal and urethral opening. • Both inner and outer labia are quite sensitive to touch and pressure.
- 15. V) CLITORIS • Itis visible as the small white oval between the top of the labia minora. • It is same as penis in the male. • Small body of spongy tissue that functions for sexual excitement of the female. • During sexual excitement, the clitoris erects and extends. • Size of clitoris is variable between women.
- 16. VI) BARTHOLIN’S GLANDS •Bartholin’s glands – greater vestibular glands. • Located besides the vaginal opening and produce a fluid (mucus) secretion. • It keep vulva moist.
- 17. VII) URETHRA • Openingto urethra is just below clitoris. • It is not related to reproduction or sexual activity, but it is included in the vulva. • Urethra is actually used for passage of urine. • Urethra is connected to bladder. • In females– 1.5 inches long • In males– 8 inches long. • As urethra and anus are close tis location is prone for bladder infections among females.
- 18. VIII) HYMEN • Thinfold of mucous membrane. • Separates lumen of the vagina from urethral sinus. • Sometimes, it may partially cover the vaginal orifice. • 1st vaginal penetration would usually tear this membrane and cause bleeding. • Its intactness has considered as – guarantor of virginity. • Normal vagina is never actually intact since there is always an opening in it. • It is not always bleeding at 1st vaginal penetration. • The blood that is sometimes, but not always, observed after first penetration can be due to tearing of the hymen, but it can also be form injury to nearby tissue.
- 19. IX) PERINEUM • Shortstretch of skin starting at the bottom of the vulva and extending to the anus. • Diamond shaped area between the symphysis pubis and coccyx. • The perineum in some women may tear during the birth of an infant. • The cut is called an episiotomy.
- 23. X) MAMMARY GLANDS •This is the organ that produce milk for the survival of the baby.
- 26. THE INTERNAL GENITALIA ORINTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS
- 30. I) VAGINA • Muscular,hollow tube that extends from vaginal opening to the cervix of the uterus. • It is situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum. • It is about 3 to 5 inches long in a grown women. • The muscular wall allows the vagina to expand and contract. • The muscular walls are lined with mucous membrane, which keep it protected and moist. • A thin sheet of tissue with one or more holes in it– HYMEN (partially cover opening of the vagina).
- 31. • The vaginareceives sperm during sexual intercourse from the penis. • The sperm that survive the acidic condition of the vagina continues on through to the fallopian tubes where fertilization may occur. • Made up of 3 layers:- • Inner mucosal layer. • Middle muscularis layer. • Outer fibrous layer. • Inner layer- made up of vaginal rugae that stretch and allow penetration to occur. • Help in stimulation of penis • Vaginal rugae has glands that secrete an acidic mucus (pH of around 4.0.) that keeps bacterial growth down. • Outer layer- important with delivery of fetus and placenta
- 32. • PURPOSE OFTHE VAGINA:- • Receives a male’s erect penis and semen during sexual intercourse. • Pathway through a woman’s body for the baby to take during childbirth. • Provides the route for the menstrual blood from the uterus, to leave the body.
- 33. II) CERVIX • Lower,narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. • It is cylindrical or conical in shape. • Approximately half its length is visible with medical equipment. • Neck of uterus– cervix uteri. • During menstruation, cervix stretches open slightly to allow the endometrium to be shed. • This stretching is believed to be part of the cramping pain that many women experience.
- 35. • Portion projectinginto vagina– ectocervix • ECTOCERVIX – 3cm long 2 and half cm wide. • Ectocervix’s opening –external os • The size and shape of external os and ectocervix varies widely with • Age • Hormonal state • Vaginal delivery history. • Women who have not delivered the baby by vagina– external os appers small and circular opening. • Women who have delivered the baby by vagina– external os appers wider and more gap.
- 37. • The passagewaybetween the external os and the uterine cavity – endocervical canal. • During childbirth, contractions of the uterus will dilate the cervix upto 10 cm in diameter to allow the child to pass through.
- 38. III) UTERUS • Upsidedown pear shaped • Thick lining and muscular wall. • Located near the floor of pelvic cavity • It is hollow to allow fertilized egg to implant and grow. • Contains some of the strongest muscles in the female body. • These muscles are able to expand and contract to accommodate a growing fetus and then help push the baby out during labor. • It guide and push the sperm up the uterus to the fallopian tubes where fertilization may be possible.
- 40. • Uterus is3 inches long and 2 inches wide. • But during pregnancy it changes rapidly. • Top rim of uterus – fundus. • Fundus– landmark for many doctors to track the progress of a pregnancy. • Uterine cavity– fundus of uterus and body of the uterus.
- 42. IV) FALLOPIAN TUBES(UTERINE TUBES) • Upper corner of the uterus – fallopian tube. • 2 fallopian tube also called uterine tubes. • Each fallopian tube attaches to a side of uterus and connects to an ovary. • Fallopian tube are about 4 inches long. • Within each tube is a tiny passageway no wider than a sewing needle. • At the other end each fallopian tube is a fringed area that looks like a funnel. • This fringed area lies close to the ovary but not attached.
- 44. • Ovaries releasesthe egg. • Once egg is in the fallopian tube tiny hairs in the tube’s lining help it down the narrow passageway toward the uterus. • The oocyte (developing egg cell) take 4 to 5 days to travel of the fallopian tube. • If enough sperm are ejaculated during sexual intercourse and there is an oocyte in the fallopian tube, fertilization will occur. • After fertilization occurs, the zygote (fertilized egg), will continue down to the uterus and implant itself in the uterine wall were it will grow and develop.
- 45. • If zygotedoesn’t move down to the uterus and implants itself in the fallopian tube, it is called ectopic pregnancy. • If this occurs, the pregnancy will need to be terminated to prevent permanent damage to the fallopian tube possible hemorrhage and possible death of the mother.
- 47. V) OVARIES • Ovariesare the female gonads and are situated in shallow fossa. • Ovaries are small, paired organ . • Located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity. • These organs are responsible for the production of the egg cells (ova) and secretion of hormones. • The process by which the egg cells (ovum) is released is called ovulation. • The speed of ovulation is periodic and impact directly to the length of a menstrual cycle.
- 52.
- 53. NORMAL MENSTRUATION • NormalMenstruation • During a normal menstrual cycle, you shed the lining your uterus. This cycle is part of your reproductive system and prepares your body for a possible pregnancy. It is also called a period, menses or cycle
- 54. WHAT IS MENSTRUATION? •Menstruation is the monthly shedding of the lining of your uterus (more commonly known as the womb). Menstruation is also known by the terms menses, menstrual period, cycle or period. The menstrual blood — which is partly blood and partly tissue from the inside of your uterus — flows from your uterus through your cervix and out of your body through your vagina. • Day one of the menstrual cycle is the first day of the period, which lasts for about five days. Around day fourteen, an egg is usually released from the ovary. Menarche (the onset of the first period) usually occurs around the age of twelve years. • The menstrual cycle can cause some women to experience problems that disrupt daily lives. These can include cramps, tender breasts, tiredness, and premenstrual syndrome. More severe problems such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder are experienced by 3–8% of women. The menstrual cycle can be modified by hormonal birth control
- 55. • Measured fromthe first day of one menstruation to the first day of the next, the length of a menstrual cycle varies but has a median length of 28 days. • The cycle is often less regular at the beginning and end of a woman's reproductive life. • At puberty, a child's body begins to mature into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction; the first period (called menarche) occurs at around 12 years of age and continues for about 30–45 years. • Menstrual cycles end at menopause, which is usually between 45 and 55 years of age.
- 56.
- 57. WHAT IS ANORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE? • The menstrual cycle is a term used to describe the sequence of events that occur within your body as it prepares for the possibility of pregnancy each month. A menstrual cycle is considered to begin on the first day of a period. The average cycle is 28 days long; however, a cycle can range in length from 21 days to about 35 days. • The steps in the menstrual cycle are triggered by the rise and fall of chemicals in your body called hormones. Your pituitary gland (in your brain) and your ovaries (in your reproductive tract) make and release certain hormones at certain times during your menstrual cycle that cause the organs of your reproductive tract to respond in certain ways.
- 58. MENSTRUAL CYCLE • Themenstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that make pregnancy possible. • The ovarian cycle controls the production and release of eggs and the cyclic release of estrogen and progesterone. • The uterine cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the lining of the uterus (womb) to receive an embryo.
- 59. • These cyclesare normally last between 21 and 35 days in adult women, with a median length of 28 days, and continue for about 30–45 years. • Naturally occurring hormones drive the cycles; the cyclical rise and fall of the follicle stimulating hormone prompts the production and growth of oocytes (immature egg cells). • The hormone estrogen stimulates the uterus lining (endometrium) to thicken to accommodate an embryo should fertilization occur. • The blood supply of the thickened lining provides nutrients to a successfully implanted embryo. • If implantation does not occur, the lining breaks down and blood is released.
- 60. • Each cycleoccurs in phases based on events in the ovary (ovarian cycle) or the uterus (uterine cycle). • The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase; the uterine cycle consists of the menstrual, proliferative and secretory phases.
- 61. PHASES OF MENSTRUALCYCLE •Menstrual cycle is divided into 4 phases:- •MENSTRUAL PHASE •FOLLICULAR PHASE OR PROLIFERATIVE PHASE. •OVULATORY PHASE. •LUTEAL PHASE.
- 62. MENOPAUSE • Menopause isthe physiological cessation of menstrual cycles associated with advancing age. • Menopause is sometimes referred to as “the change of life”. • Menopause occurs as the ovaries stop producing estrogen, causing the reproductive system to gradually shut down. • Menopause can surgically induced – hysterectomy. • Average onset of menopause – 50 years. • Some women enters menopause at younger age – cancer serious illness.
- 63. • Premature menopause–occurs before 40 age. ( 1% of women). • Perimenopause:- production of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone decrease and become more irregular. • During this period fertility diminishes. • 12 months without menstruation. • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS):- • Common for women to experience some discomfort in the days leading up to their periods. • PMS usually it is at its worst on 7th day before period starts and continue till the end of the period. • PMS include both physical and emotional symptoms: • Acne, bloating, fatigue, backaches, sore breasts, headaches, constipation., diarrhea, food cravings, depression, irritability, difficulty
- 64. PREGNANCY • The periodfrom conception to birth. • After he egg is fertilized by the sperm and then implanted in the lining of the uterus, it develops into the placenta and embryo, and later into fetus. • Pregnancy usually lasts 40 weeks beginning from the 1st day of the woman’s last menstrual period. • Then divided into 3 trimesters – each lasts for 3 months. • Symptoms:- • Food aversions • Mood swings • Abdominal bloating • Frequent urination. • Fatigue • Sore breasts • Light bleeding or spotting. • Nausea.
- 65. FERTILIZATION • When maleand female having sex together – reproduction. • If female and male have sex within several days of females ovulation – fertilization can occur. • When the male ejaculation semen into vagina. • Semen contains sperm • Small amount of semen– 80-900 million sperm. • They swim up from vagina to cervix to uterus to meet egg in fallopian tube. • Only one sperm to fertilize the egg.
- 67. • After aweek--- sperm fertilizes the egg • Fertilized egg (zygote) – becomes multicelled blastocyst. • Blastocyst -- burrows itself --- lining of uterus (endometrium). • Hormone estrogen--- causes endometrium to become thick and rich with blood. • Progesterone – released by ovaries – keep endometrium thick with blood – so that blastocyst can attach to uterus. • THIS PROCESS IS CALLED IMPLANTATION.
- 70. • BLASTOCYST –take in nourishment – another stage of development (embryonic stage)– begins. • Baby starts development. • The outer cell becomes thin membrane – around the baby. • After approx. 8 weeks, embryo is like size of adult thumb--- almost all of its parts, brain, nerves, heart, blood, stomach, intestine, muscles and skin are formed. • During fetal stage, -- lasts for 9 weeks – after fertilization to birth – cells moves and change. • The fetus floats in amniotic fluid inside the amniotic sac. • The fetus receives oxygen and nourishment from the mother’s blood via placenta – disk like structure sticks to inner lining of uterus and connects to fetus -- umbilical cord. • Pregnancy – lasts an average of 280 days about 9 months.
- 76. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS •PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID) • PROLAPSED UTERUS. • ENDOMETRIOSIS. • SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs). • UTERINE FIBROIDS. • POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME. • VULVOVAGINITIS. • OVARIAN CYSTS.
- 77. • FEMALE INFERTILITY •OVARIAN CANCER • FEMALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION.
- 78.
- 79.
- 80.
- 81.
- 82.
- 84.
- 86.
- 87.
- 91.
- 94.
- 96.