Final Report by baresa.wps 23 b (2).docx

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
HOSTING COMPANY: - DUNYA DESIGN AND CONSULTANCY PLC
DURATION OF INTERNSHIP:-MARCH 13-JUNE 16, 2024
NAME: BARESA ZIYAD
ID NO: NaScR/0453/13
SUBMITTED TO:-Ms.BEZAWIT
SUBMISSION DATE: 30/9/2024

II
DECLARATION
I, Baresa Ziyad student of Hawassa University Institute of Technology hereby declare
that this internship report is submitted by my own and it describes my three months stay at
birhanu abebe BC. I assure that all the materials and pictures used while compiling this report
contains actual events and facts that was observed and performed during my internship
practice program. All the contents are my own and it has not been submitted to any other
institute and I approve this by my signature.
Baresa Ziyad
Signature ––––––––––
Date ––––––––––––––
Advisor. –––––––––
Signature ––––––––––
Date

III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I praise God who gives power, strength and wisdom in our life and our internship
time and I would like to thank my department for setting up this internship program so that i could
gain practical skills and hence strengthen my theoretical skills.
I gain an experience which helped me to build the foundation of my future and career as an engineer.
I would like to thank Hawassa University for preparing this internship program and Birhanu
Abebe BC. For accepting my request and staff members of the project for their help and
cooperation they have given us.
I would like to thank site Engineer who help me by give his time when i ask any thing that related to
the construction work on site and he give answer for my question and i have grateful thanks for his
advice and encouragement through the duration of the internship. And
also i would like to thank heart fully Engineer Kirubel who 1st accept my internship paper
after i join company he helps me by answer my question, inform and monitor what i do,
check that i try to do and give correction by minimize his break time. By the significant
contribution workers of Birhanu Abebe BC, those are carpenters, bar benders, mason workers and
other, i was beneficiary.
Finally, i would like to thank my mentor Natnael L. to visit me and for taking the time to
evaluate this report, for his advice regarding my future opportunity

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is about the internship program in the host company called Berhanu Abebe BC.
It is a clear fact that the knowledge of construction engineer cannot be upgraded without
practical experience in each field of the subject. The purpose of this program was to
introduce students with the working conditions; mostly it helps students to grasp knowledge
from practicing and the theory which they have been learning in the class. and to know how
of engineering projects, their design, implementation, evaluation and management in
general.
And also this report covers the work pieces i have been executing or part of my work in the
host company during our internship program, my performance, challenges or problems that
i faced and measures to overcome the challenges, the overall objectives and benefits that i
gained from the intern ship program and recommendation and conclusion are also included
in the report.
In the first section of this report, I have discussed the background of hosting company
including the brief history, its main product or services, the main customers or the end user
of its product and the overall organizational flow
The second chapter of my report is all about my overall internship experience including how
I get into the company, In which section I worked, work flow in section, which work task I
was executing including the procedures followed during the execution, challenges that
occurred during performing my task and finally the measures I took to overcome the
challenges.
The third chapter of my report explains over all benefit I gained from the internship
including
what I gained in terms of improving my practical skill, my interpersonal communication
skill, my team playing skill, my leader ship skill and what I gained in terms of upgrading
theoretical knowledge including work ethics and entrepreneurship skill
On the fourth chapter, I finalized my report by giving conclusions and recommendation to
my internship hosting company

LISTING OF FIGURES
Figure 2 The organizational structure of the company................................................................................................................10
Figure 3 Work flow of the company............................................................................................................................................11
Figure 4 Take off sheet format.....................................................................................................................................................17
Figure 5 Scaffolding....................................................................................................................................................................23
Figure 6 Form work for beam and slab........................................................................................................................................25
Figure 7 Form work for column...................................................................................................................................................26
Figure 8 Reinforcement bar work................................................................................................................................................28
Figure 9 Preparation of reinforcement bar...................................................................................................................................29
Figure 10 Mesh bars for slab......................................................................................................................................................30
Figure 11 Reinforcement bar for column and beam...................................................................................................................31
Figure 12 Cement.........................................................................................................................................................................32
Figure 13 Aggregate....................................................................................................................................................................33
Figure 14 Transportation of concrete...........................................................................................................................................35
Figure 15 Placement of concrete..................................................................................................................................................36
Figure 16 Compaction of concrete...............................................................................................................................................37
Figure 17 Spacers.........................................................................................................................................................................38
Figure 18 Curing of concrete.......................................................................................................................................................39
Figure 19 HCB wall.....................................................................................................................................................................40
Figure 20 Plastering of wall.........................................................................................................................................................41
Figure 21 Preparation of electric conduit.....................................................................................................................................42

Table of Contents
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................................................3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................4
LISTING OF FIGURES............................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF COMPANY...............................................................................1
1.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................1
1.2. The firm..............................................................................................................................................................1
1.3. Major fields of specialization.............................................................................................................................2
1.3.1. Key staffs of the company...............................................................................................................................2
1.3.2. Our values, mission & vision statements........................................................................................................3
1.3.3. OUR MEHTODOLOGY................................................................................................................................5
Step One: Preliminary Engineering ………………………………………………………………………...5
Phase B - Design Development and Preliminary Engineering…………………………………………...6
Step Two - Construction Documents, Procurement and Construction………………………………. 7
1.4. The end users of the service...............................................................................................................................9
1.5. The overall organizational structure and work flow........................................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................................................12
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE.........................................................................................................12
2.1. HOW I GET INTO THE COMPANY.............................................................................................................12
2.2. SECTION OF THE COMPANY I HAVE BEEN WORKING IN..................................................................12
2.3. WORK FLOW IN THE PROJECT..................................................................................................................13
2.3.1. Project manager.............................................................................................................................................13
2.3.2. Site engineer..................................................................................................................................................13
2.3.3. Office engineer..............................................................................................................................................14
2.4. WORK TASKS AND PROCEDURE USED WHILE PERFORMING TASKS............................................14
2.4.1. OFFICE WORKS..........................................................................................................................................15
2.4.2. Site work........................................................................................................................................................22
2.4.2.3. Reinforcement bar work.............................................................................................................................27
2.4.2.4. Concert work..............................................................................................................................................31
2.4.2.5. Block Work................................................................................................................................................39
2.4.2.6. Plastering work...........................................................................................................................................40
2.4.2.7. Electric System Installation........................................................................................................................41
2.5. How Good I Have Been in Performing the Work Task...................................................................................43
2.6. The way I perform while working on my task.................................................................................................43
2.7. Challenges While Performing Work Task.......................................................................................................43
2.9. Measures taken to overcome the challenges....................................................................................................44
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................................................45
3. OVERALL BENEFITS I GOT FORM THE INTERNSHIP..............................................................................45
3.1. Improving my practical skills...........................................................................................................................45

3.2. UPGRADING MY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE....................................................................................45
3.3. Inter personal communication skill..................................................................................................................46
3.4. Team Playing Skills..........................................................................................................................................46
3.5. Leadership skills...............................................................................................................................................47
3.6. Understanding about work ethics related issues...............................................................................................48
2.Specific to work situation.....................................................................................................................................48
3.7. Entrepreneurship skills.....................................................................................................................................48
CHAPTER 4............................................................................................................................................................49
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..................................................................................................49
4.1. Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................49
4.2. Recommendation..............................................................................................................................................50
4.2.1. Recommendation for hosting company.........................................................................................................50
4.2.2. Recommendation to the university................................................................................................................51
Reference.................................................................................................................................................................52
APPENDICES.........................................................................................................................................................53

CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF COMPANY
1.1. Introduction
An internship is a short-term professional experience related to a student’s major or career goals.
The work is performed in a professional environment under the guidance and supervision of a staff
member with expertise in the student’s field of interest. Although the work may be similar to some
part-time jobs or volunteer experiences. An internship is identified by the intentional, self-directed
learning and student reflection about the work experience.
Through internships, students explore career options, test their choice of academic major and
develop professional skills and experience. Students may participate in internships for academic
credit or for experience only.
1.1.1. Project Profile
 Client....................................................public servant’ social security administration (PSSSA)
 Designer And Consultant......................Dunya consulting architects and engineers PLC
 Contractor..............................................Birhanu Abebe grade 1 contractor
 Project Location....................................Sidama, Hawassa
 Project Function.....................................B+G+M+8+T Mixed used building
 Project Area...........................................2446m2
 Project Budget......................................1,089,085,692.55 ETB
 Project Duration..................................540 calendar days
 Contract Signing Date........................August 05/2022
 Site Handover Date............................August 24/2022
 Commencement Date.........................November 01/2022
 Original Duration...............................730 days
 Original Completion Date.................October 30/2024
1.1.2. Company Profile
1.2. The firm
Dunya Consulting Architect and Engineers PLC is an Ethiopian based independent consultancy firm
offering a broad range of technical services specializing in Civil Engineering, Architectural and
other related works.
The Company was established in 2013 with the primary objective of providing multi-disciplinary
consulting services to public as well as private firms engaged in the development of various types of
economic, social, infrastructures and buildings.
The Firm has the capacity to undertake the tasks as feasibility study and engineering management
studies, engineering services including design, construction supervision, contract administration and

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construction management of buildings and other related works. ,m Dunya Consulting Architect and
Engineers Plc has designed various projects which include Hotels, High rise buildings, Industrial
complexes and farm developments since its foundation.
1.3. Major fields of specialization
Dunya Consulting Architect and Engineers Pic is a multidiscipline Company ( Architectural,
Structural, Civil Engineering, Quantity Surveying and Electrical, Sanitary and Mechanical
engineering) which covers the under listed fields of specialization and the company also involves in
any development activities and research works.
 Architectural Design
 Structural Engineering
 Electrical Engineering
 Sanitary and Mechanical Engineering
 Quantity Surveying
 Surveying
 Preliminary investigation and feasibility studies
 Finishing Construction ,supervision and Contract management
 Training and Technical assistance
The firm's resources and skills are extended by incorporating specialist organizations with whom the
firm can liaise, as appropriate, for individual projects. It has also got a pool of experts who have
worked in many projects since its foundation and can be called upon when the need arises.
1.3.1. Key staffs of the company
Dunya Consulting Architect and Engineers Pic consist of permanent employed experienced
professional engineers, Architects and sub-professionals and support staff to undertake the normal
duties of the company. Whenever the work load becomes excessive or a specialist discipline is
required additional staffs are engaged for required duration for specific projects.
The total number of permanently employed staff of the firm exceeds 25 at present. These include:
 Practicing and professional Civil Engineers
 Practicing and professional Architects & Town Planners
 Professional Surveyors
 Professional Interior Designers
 Professional material/geotechnical Engineers
 Senior Quantity Surveyors

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 Industrial Engineers
 Environmental Engineers
 Chemical and Process Engineers
 CAD specialists and other support staffs and
 Other supportive staffs
1.3.2. Our values, mission & vision statements
 Our Values
We believe that continuously striving to excel at the following core set of values will lead to long-
term profitability, growth and enhanced ability to serve our clients.
 Constantly Focus on Safety and Quality - Safety is paramount to our Company. Ensuring
a safe work environment for our employees, clients and partners is the expectation. We
believe that a focus on Safety contributes to overall Quality. All Dunya employees work
toward producing the highest quality work, both in the field and within our offices.
 Promote a Cooperative Team Environment - Dunya's goal is to collaborate with all team
members associated with our projects including clients, partners, contractors, sub-consultants,
regulatory authorities and employees throughout all levels of our Company. Working in such
an environment allows the Company to make informed and efficient resolutions to even the
most complex issues.
 Act with Honesty and Integrity - It is expected of all employees to take personal
responsibility for their standard of behavior and for the decisions they make every day.
Honesty and Integrity must always be at the core of those decisions. Both of these attributes
are held in the highest regard at Dunya.
 Provide Professional and Technical Excellence - Providing Professional and Technical
Excellence to our clients is at the root of what we do. Continually improving our employees'
skills allows us to deliver on this core value. By constantly providing professional and
technical excellence and continually improving our abilities, we create the opportunity for
our employees to grow and advance within our Company.
 Respect for our Employees, Clients and Partners - Treating others with respect allows us
to demonstrate the professionalism that is expected by coworkers and clients. Respect helps
to facilitate and encourage a cooperative team environment and collaboration that is
necessary to provide excellent service to our clients.
 Cultivate Long-Term Relationships with our Clients - We believe that every project is an
opportunity to develop a long-term relationship with our clients. By constantly delivering
what we sell and adhering to our core values, we forge long-term relationships that provide
ongoing work throughout time.

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 Our Mission
With our modern-era consultancy services, we have expanded our market presence to become one
of the most recognized companies in architecture, engineering and construction supervision. We are
our clients most trusted provider of these professional services by consistently exceeding their
expectations and bringing the highest value to each relationship that is developed. In pursuit of this
Mission and in support of its Values, we:
 Support our employees in a way that fosters learning, growth and recognition for superior
performance.
 Operate profitably to support our organization and its shareholders
 Provide the highest quality service to our clients by combining highly-skilled team members
with our proven methodology.
 Strive to support our projects with the most advanced technology to ensure we take
advantage of the efficiency and accuracy that it offers.
 Consistently improve our deliverables to our clients and add value to the organization.
 Forge lasting relationships with our clients by listening and addressing your needs in a
manner which will allow both of us to be successful.
 Our Vision
Dunya takes a partnership approach to help promote sustainable and economic growth of
communities. Through our professional expertise in architecture, engineering and construction, we
guide and support our clients so that you can make a difference in our world. We work tirelessly to
ensure that our projects are mutually successful for all and endeavor to forge relationships that stand
the test of time. Our contribution to the built environment reaches far beyond the bricks and mortar;
our work allows our clients to innovatively provide products and services to people around the
world safer, faster, cleaner and more economically than ever before.

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1.3.3. OUR MEHTODOLOGY
Dunya offers our clients the cost-effective and fast-track project executing and delivery system. The
following information specifically describes the steps and services Dunya provides to logically
satisfy our client's facility requirements for a proposed project.
Step One: Preliminary Engineering
Phase A - Programming and Schematic Design
Dunya, working closely with our client, will review the conceptual design efforts and as required,
assist with establishing the facility's Program of Requirements.
This program generally addresses:
 Equipment requirements - present and future
 Future expansion
 Evaluations of existing facilities
 Project goals and objectives
 Background information
 Product and production projections
 Future growth of space and personnel
 Workflow and adjacencies
Dunya's staff then works with our client to develop Conceptual Solutions, which respond to the
Program of Requirements.

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The Conceptual Solutions that provide the best alternatives are compared based on cost, advantages
and long-range plans.
This comparison forms the basis for establishing management's Master Plan of the operation and
facilities.
Phase B - Design Development and Preliminary Engineering
The Construction Department is responsible for developing the Project Schedule. This includes
defining milestones and "key activities" during engineering, procurement, construction and start-up.
The Manager of Construction works closely with all disciplines to schedule work activities in proper
sequence to assure orderly and timely completion of the project.
The Construction Department is also regularly consulted by our designers and engineers on issues of
constructability, site development, seasonal delivery and installation problems, construction
sequencing, and overtime premiums.
After the client selects their optimum Master Plan solution from the alternatives presented, Dunya
will then make Design Development Drawings consisting of site plans, floor plans, elevations,
equipment general arrangement drawings, and building sections. Dunya will perform Preliminary
Engineering Calculations to determine requirements for the building's structural, mechanical and
electrical systems.
Outline Specifications are then prepared, which describe equipment, piping, tankage, and controls,
in addition to the types and quality of materials and systems within the facility.
Dunyas's Estimating Department provides value engineering advice during the Design Development
phase and using the Designs and Outline Specifications, generates a Detailed Cost Estimate. Value
Engineering Studies ensure that the materials and systems chosen are the most cost-effective and
that they will be available on schedule. The best time to exercise cost containment is in the Design
Development and Preliminary Engineering phase.
All critical items which may affect the Project Schedule and completion date are identified.
Procedures are then initiated to closely track these items.
Report
At the completion of the Design Development and Preliminary Engineering phase, Dunya presents
the results, complete with a bound report, to the client's management for review and approval.
Dunya's presentation and bound report will address or include:
 Site development and Master Planning
 Services, utilities and environmental resolutions
 Codes and regulations
 Outline Specifications
 Project Schedule

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 Preliminary drawings
 Equipment layouts and special requirements
 Detailed Cost Estimate (Accurate to $ 5%)
The completed report serves as the decision and control document for all further work on the project
as approved and authorized by the client.
At this point, Dunya will be fully prepared to immediately execute Step Two as approved and
authorized, providing either:
 Detailed design, engineering services and contract bid documents, or
 Guaranteed costs, scope and schedule by implementing as outlined below.
Step Two - Construction Documents, Procurement and Construction
Upon approval of the Step One document by the client, Dunya will integrate all design, procurement
and construction activities to assure total control of the project under a single contract. The project
will be performed on an open-book and competitive-bid basis. The following outlines the execution
of this phase.
 Construction Documents
Upon approval and authorization of the Step One documents, Dunya will prepare final detailed
working drawings and detailed specifications for the following elements of the project:
 Architectural
 Civil
 Structural
 Mechanical
 Electrical
 Design reports
 Process
 Fire protection
 Bill of quantity and Take-off sheets
 Construction Supervision & Contract Administration
The main objective of the assignment is to obtain and ensure optimum quality of work during
construction as contractually specified within the stipulated time frame and to minimize costs to the
employer and to maximize the quality of the works. This objective can only be achieved by
undertaking various supervisory tasks that will require firm administration of the contract and
control of quality, cost and schedule. The various supervisory tasks to be set up by the consultant
will help to discharge all duties and responsibilities of the supervisor and supervisor's representative
as defined by the works contract.

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During the construction stage, Dunya shall conduct the construction supervision and quality control
for the construction works of the stated project by assigning competent professionals.
Dunya will assign a resident engineer to conduct the construction supervision and quality control of
the project. Besides following up of the day to day construction of the project, the resident
supervisor also calls the other professionals involved in the construction supervision and quality
control (Architect, Structural, Sanitary, Electrical Engineers and the surveyors) asrequired on site.
 Construction Stage Services
 Supervision and Quality Control
Dunya considers quality control as the most important factor contributing to the successful
accomplishment of works in conformity with the terms of the contract and accepted standards. An
effective quality control procedure checks substandard construction practices which would
otherwise result in a shorter life span of the structure and heavy maintenance and rehabilitation
costs.
The following tasks will be carried out to achieve the optimum quality level.
 Check and approval of the whole works executed on site
 Produce materials for the preparation of monthly reports
 Evaluate and approval of materials used for the works
 Evaluate test results of construction material sources
 Evaluate and approve test results of construction materials
 Control the quality of workmanship and skill of employed labor for the works Evaluate and
follow up the works as per the design documents and the specification
 Evaluate and make provisional and final acceptance of the project
 Check and approve all take-off sheets and certificates of payments submitted by contractors
or sub-contractors if any as interim payments
 Continuously analyze and evaluate all quality and quantity control information
 Take all actions or order measures, whenever required, for improving performance
 Monitoring and Recording
This activity involves the following tasks.
 Monitor the rate of progress and recommend remedial action
 Maintain and update progress records
 Maintain and update payment records, labor, material, plant/equipment records and material
on site/deliveries records
 Prepare monthly construction progress report and submit to the client

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 Contract Administration
This activity involves the following tasks.
 Revise plans, documents, and specifications
 Approve shop drawings
 Issue Instructions and Variation Orders
 Review contractor's program, staff, equipment, Insurances, performance guarantees and the
like Advise any claims that may arise and submit recommendation to the Client.
 Review and approve final payments certificate submitted by the contractor
 Advise on legal and contractual matters
1.4. The end users of the service
The main customers of the company are directly or indirectly the people of the country. That means
whenever the customers or clients are end users, directly or indirectly, the benefits go to the people
of the country.
The end users can be generalized as:
 Health centers
 Residential buildings
 Investment like factory.
 Private institutions.
 Individuals

The reception takes the case to the G/manager
The client will get the reception & talk about what he/she wants.
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Client comes with their own interests
1
1.5. The overall organizational structure and work flow
Figure 1organizational structure of the company
Work flow
The work flow in the company much the same to the overall organizational structure model but to
make it simple I try to put the work flow in the office as follows:
Figure 1 The organizational structure of the company

Yes
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The G/manager, Contract administration & Client will discuss
Agreement reachedby thecompany & clients
Page 11
The Design and planning
department staffs start their role
If the client satisfied by the design
YES
The site wYoreks begins
1
NO
NO
Figure 2 work flow of the hosting company
Figure 2 Work flow of the company

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CHAPTER TWO
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1. HOW I GET INTO THE COMPANY.
The main goals of an internship program are to provide students with real-world experience,
practical skills, and increased industry knowledge. It fosters positive relationships between
academic institutions and business sectors and produces students who are capable of addressing and
resolving real-world issues. Due to this Hawassa University has focused a lot of effort on this
curriculum to assist students.
After we finished our 4th year first semester class we got the application letter for the internship
from the university. The next step was searching suitable environment to interrelate theoretical
knowledge with the practical world. So I have been searching for a hosting company then soon
while my senior graduate friend suggests that the company where she had worked last semester was
really good rather than the others and also I prefer this company due to its grade and type of
structures that found on the site specially there were super structure works. When I arrived there I
have directly contacted to the Dunya consulting and architects company site Engineer Mr. Kirubel
and he responds me positively, So that I have joined the company.
2.2. SECTION OF THE COMPANY I HAVE BEEN WORKING IN
As you can understand from the company profile, it has different sections of works which you can
take part in. I was working both in the office and at the site trying to balance the two in order to get
a better understanding of both work environments.
I had spent most of my time on site, focusing on the field aspect of the project working as an assist
to the site engineer. During all working hours I managed to stay on site observing the work flow,
asking questions, attempting to supervise and manage the work flow in accordance with the
procedure on the drawings. I spent my time with the foreman, the skilled labor force, site engineers,
office engineers, bar benders, and carpenters.
I have been gathering knowledge from those individuals on the journey to make myself confident
and skillful in all aspects of site works and office works. I was able to see and participate in
differing tasks like checking the dimensions of different structures, form works, props and
alignment of the structures, hard cores, reinforcement bar placement for beams, columns, stairs, and
slabs according to the structural drawing and I was able to see different contract documents, BOQs,
payment certificate and other stuffs.

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2.3. WORK FLOW IN THE PROJECT
The first few days were dedicated for getting acquainted to the personnel around the construction
and getting to know the environment I was supposed to work in. After familiarizing with everyone
around, I officially began my practice as intern student. I have been working in different sections of
the company during the three month internship program. The work flow and the work sections were
not too difficult for me because the crew was so pleasant and helpful. The flow of work starting
from daily laborers up to the General Manager was very good.
In this project there are three people who are the pillars of the construction these are;
 Contractor: -the one who take the contract to facilitate the construction.
 Consultant: - the one who advice technically to the client & act as abridge
b/n client & contractor.
 Client: - the one who own the building.
The main working sections are composed of the following members:
2.3.1. Project manager
Project manager is the person firstly mentioned for the success and failure of the project.
 Manages the whole site work execution
 Makes payment to sub contract workers
 Approves material request
 Analyses the work processes
 Executes sub-contracting agreements
 Issues the grant of higher power of working class
 Reviews and checks the reports made by the site/office engineer.
Another duty of project manager is preparing meetings, with different section heads for reviewing
schedules, evaluate performances, better understanding of problems and solutions, and recollection
of resources, removal of doubts, acceleration plans etc.
2.3.2. Site engineer
Site engineer controls all the activities in the site and is responsible for the whole construction work.
The site engineer makes sure the works executed are according to the specifications and drawings,
checks the construction of structural and finishing works, and makes necessary reports to the project
manager. All activities on the site are strictly follows the given time schedule. In general site
engineer are the supervisor of the site. The main task of them is listed as follow:
The main works of site engineer are: -
 To overlook the work done in the construction site
 To supervise each step of the work done in the site
 It supervises the construction material used in the project site

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2.3.3. Office engineer
Office engineer Collect data by the supervisor or data collector, from the site, then compile
analyze these data to prepare payments and take offs. They also makes reports to the project
engineer and makes detail drawings to be easy for construction and provide it to surveyor, foreman
or any concerned section.
i. General Forman
1. Assigns and controls the gang leaders and carpenter
2. Quantifies some materials and makes request
3. Reports any challenges of work procedures and their execution etc.
4. Checks the whole work process
ii. Trade (Assistant) Forman:
Trade (Assistant) Forman controls most of the skilled (masons, carpenters, plumber…) and
unskilled (gang leaders) labors by giving directions that he receives from the general manager or the
site engineer.
o Electricians: perform works required for the repair, maintenance, installation and
modernization of electrical system.
o Bar Benders (ferayo):- provide a reinforcement bar according to the design given to
them.
o Mason: a production worker responsible for production of masonry work, HCB work.
o Carpenter: is a craft responsible for making wood structures for supporting different
structural components like slab, beams and columns, formworks, and chip wood
works.
o Data collector: Is the one who collects data about the work being done like the type
and amount of material used on the work, the type and number of workers
participated on the work. He is also time keeper.
o Daily laborers: are unskilled man powers who work any tasks when they are
assigned to do.
o Security guards: This securities guards control the safety of the site and equipment’s
2.4. WORK TASKS AND PROCEDURE USED WHILE PERFORMING TASKS
The internship practice has given me an opportunity to watch, how everything is going in steps, and
how it’s done by its own working procedure. In this sub section of my internship report I will try to
describe some of the work activities methodology, procedures and process applied on particular
work item.

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2.4.1. OFFICE WORKS
Office work is any activity which done at office to provide all necessary data and material for site
work. If the office work is properly done it is easy to implement the site work, unless it is difficult
for safe and proper implementation of site work. Throughout my internship stay on the company I
have got experience on some of the office works done on the office performed by the Office
engineer. Such as;
2.4.1.1. CONTRACT DOCUMENT
Contract documents are the basis on which a construction contract is carried out. These
documents explain in detail of all the requirements of the project in a clear and non-ambiguous
way. They also state all the rights and responsibilities of the main personnel (Employer, Contractor
and Engineer) of the contract. It contains a contract agreement, supplementary conditions,
drawings, specifications, and other records specified to a contra ct. The document’s purpose is to
ensure the client’s interest and guide the contractor in the execution of its work with the required
schedule, budget and quality. It also guarantees the rights of the contractor for the works they have
completed.
The site manager gave us the necessary documents such as the contract document for us to examine.
I also have learned that the contract agreement was DB (design building).
The contract agreement for N+G+A+Terrace PSSSA Project contains;
i. Contract Agreement
ii. General Conditions of Contract
iii. Special Conditions of Contract
iv. Scope of Work
v. Technical Specification
vi. General Requirements
vii. Design Documents and Drawings
viii. Bill of Quantities
 General information from the Contract:
• The contract agreement is made on November 1, 2022.
• The employer/client is owned by Public Servant Social Security Administration, the
contractor is Birhanu Abebe (GC) and the consultant is Birhanu Abebe.
• The contract agreement is for the construction B+G+8 mixed use building

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• The project’s contract price is 1.1 Billion ETB including VAT. The intended completion
date for the whole works shall be approximately 2 year after commencement date. The start
date is 15 calendar days after the signing of the contract. The defect liability period is 365
calendar days. Time extension is allowed where the cumulative time extension granted
exceeds 25% of the Contract time.
• The General Conditions of Contract is GCC for Works published on July 2011 by the
Federal Public PPA Agency.
• The advance payment is 20% of the Contract Price including VAT and it is paid to the
contractor within 30 days after the signing of the contract. The amount of performance
security shall be 10% of the Contract Price. The retention amount is 5% of the total value of
executed works for each interim payment. The frequency of interim payment shall be one
per month.
• The contractor is responsible to provide the required professionals and labor for the work,
construction equipment and tools and all other required materials including reinforcement
bar and cement.
• The contractor shall take good care of all equipment and vehicles , have contingency
arrangements in place to attend personal injuries that may result from accidents occurring
within the work site, shall take all reasonable precautions to preserve the condition of the
environment.
• The contractor shall provide, erect and maintain Project Sign Boards at all the principle
boundaries to the construction location.
2.4.1.2. Preparation of Takeoff sheet and Bar schedule
 Takeoff Sheet
A takeoff sheet is a document that contains a complete list of materials and the quantity to be used
in a project. It is a standard form for entering and listing quantities of all materials necessary for
the execution of the works. The main purpose of this document is for payment and cost estimation,
for purchasing and preparing bill of quantity.
In the first instance quantities need to be extracted from drawings, together with an appropriate
description. This process known as booking dimensions or taking-off quantities involves the
measurer in either reading or scaling dimensions from the drawings.
 Basic Principles in Taking Off sheet
 Drawings shall be fully understood and clearly detailed.
 During discrepancies in detailing, dimensioning or if missing items exist obtain
clarification from the designer.
 There shall be the understanding that measurements are taken to the nearest cm.

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 Prior knowledge of the regulations is necessary
 Measurements of civil works shall be carried out in such a way that it can be easily
checked and audited
These quantities are calculated in a specially prepared tabular format, as to aid accurate
preparation and enable checking /rechecking or adjusting of amounts and correcting errors if
any.
FIGURE 2.1 TAKEOFF SHEET FORMAT
Where;
 T: is called the timsing column as it is used for stating the number of times an item occurs.
 D: is called dimension column as it is used to enter the dimensions of the items of works.
The dimensions are entered in the order indicated below: Length, Width, Height or thickness.
 S: is called squaring column. The stated dimensions in column 2 are multiplied to determine
the quantity of the work either in m, m2, m3 or in Pcs. or No.
 Description: is called description column and description of the work item is briefly stated.
Preparation of takeoff sheets Take off sheet is a systematic presentation of all tasks to be
performed from the beginning of the project until it’s done also it helps to prepare payment
for subcontractors.
 Bar schedule
Bar schedule is a format used to calculate the quantity of reinforcement bars. In this format the
quantity of bar of each diameter will be calculated. Preparing bar schedule is the process of
Figure 3 Take off sheet format

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analyzing number, diameter, length, location and shape of placement of the bar from the structural
drawing of the given project and putting in the bar schedule in their respective place provided.
A bar schedule is used to determine the correct amount of reinforcement bars for a certain building
structure. It’s also useful for bar benders to cut and prepare bars according to the bar cut schedule.
location Ø Shape length
of one
bar (m)
No. of
bar in
one
member
No. ofRC
member
No. Of
total
Member
Total length (m)
Ø 6 Ø 8 Ø 10 Ø 12 Ø 14 Ø 16 Ø 20
Total
length(m)
Weight(kg/m) 0.222 0.395 0.617 0.888 1.209 1.579 2.467
Total
weight(kg)
Table 2.1 bar schedule format
2.4.1.3. Bill of Quantity
Bill of quantity is a uniform basis for inviting competitive tenders, and to assist in valuing
completed work. It describes the construction work’s quantity and price of work items. The
contractor uses the bill of quantity;
➢ To prepare resourced programs,
➢ To plan material purchasing
➢ Cost control during construction to ensure work is within budget,
➢ Data collection during construction
Quantity Amount
Description Unit
Contract
Quantity
Prev.
Ex.
Qty.
Current
Ex.
Qty
Total
Ex.
Qty
Unit
Rate
Contract
Amount
Prev.
Ex.
amt
Current
Ex.
amt
Total
Ex.
Amt

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TOTAL
CARRIED
TO
SUMMARY
Table 2.2 Sample Bill of Quantity Measurement
 Current executed quantity is amount of work that has been completed and
certified forpayment in the current period
 Previous executed quantity is the amount of work that has been
previously certifiedand paid for, as opposed to the remaining work that still
needs to be completed
 Total executed quantity = Current executed quantity + Previous executed
quantity
 Unit Rate is cost per unit of measure of particular work item
 Contract Amount It represents the total amount of money that the contractor
is entitled to receive for the completion of the work, as specified in the
contract.
 Current executed amount is the total value of work that has been
completed andcertified for payment in the current period
 Previous executed amount is the total value of work that has been
completed andcertified for payment in previous periods
Total executed amount = Current executed Amount + Previous
executed Amount
 Total Carried to Summary is the total sum of all Total executed
amount To prepare the bill of quantities the following steps are used:
A.Determined the price for the works from the contract agreement,
B. Prepared takeoff and determined completed work’s quantity,
C. By multiplying the quantity with the work’s unit price I determined the total cost of
each work items.
D.Filled the BOQ format with short description of the works, measuring units,
quantities and prices.
2.4.1.4. Preparation of Payment Certificate
Payment certificate is prepared to ask for payment for executed works. If the quantity and quality
of work stated in the payment certificate is correct, the engineer certifies the measurement of the
work and the consultant approves the payment.

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It contains:
➢ Project/ Contract Data,
➢ Main contract amount, supplementary contract amount, variation order,
➢ Certificate number,
➢ Value of work executed/material supplied to date,
➢ previous payments,
➢ deductions like advance recovery, retention, previous payments, retention, rebate,
➢ net amount of work executed after deduction, and net payment sum to the contractor,
➢ advance payment summary,
➢ summary of payment,
➢ signatures of certification and approval
Contract No.-------------------------- Date :
PAYMENT CERTIFICATE
Amount /Birr/
PROJECT NAME:
Main Contract
LOCATION:
Supplementary Con
CLIENT :
Variation orders
CONSULTANT:-
TOTAL
Contractor: VAT 15%
Total
Sum
Variations executed to date:
As Per the attached measurements the value of the works executed and/or
materials supplied to date is Birr
DEDUCTIONS Amount /Birr/
PREVIOUS CONSECUTIVE PAYMENTS
1. Total Previous Payment
No Date Amount /Birr/ VAT
2. Rebate
3. Retention 5% 0.00
4. Penalty
5. Advance Repayment 0.00
6. Total Deduction 0.00 0.00
Total
7. Net Sum Before 15% VAT 0.00
8. VAT 15% 0.00
9. Net Sum due to Contractor 0.00
Amount of Advance Taken birr
Amout of advance repaid birr 0.00
Outstanding advance repayment birr 0.00
we certify that the contractor is now entitled to the sum of birr 187,232.88 (one hundred eighty-seven thousand two hundred thirty-two
and 88/100 )
PREPARED BY:- CERTIFIED BY APPROVED BY

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SIGNATURE SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
DATE DATE DATE
DIRECTOR
SIGNATURE
DATE
Table 2.3 Sample Payment Certificate Format
The calculation of a payment certificate includes the following
steps:
1. Determining the value of the work performed or supplies delivered based on
the termsof the contract and any approved change orders.
2. Subtracting any Previous payments, Rebate, Retention, Penalty, Advance
repayment orretainage from the value of the work performed
3. The Net sum is calculated by adding Net sum without VAT and 15% VAT
4. Obtaining approval from the relevant parties, such as the owner or supervisor
Issuing the payment certificate to the supervisor, indicating the amount due for
payment
2.4.1.5. Preparation of monthly report
Monthly report is a construction progress report prepared monthly. It reports the status of the work
executed during the month and the status of the project.
It contains work;
▪ executed during the reporting month,
▪ material on site,
▪ construction equipment on site,
▪ progress status,
▪ project statistics,
▪ contract modification logos,
▪ log of claims or intent claim,
▪ submittal log for the reporting month,
▪ work break down by division,
▪ work force on site for the reporting month,
▪ critical path activities,

▪ list of attachments,

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▪ work progress pictures.
2.4.1.6. Reading and interpreting drawing
Drawings are the means by which the designer conveys the physical, quantitative, and visual
description of the project to the owner/contractor. The drawings are a two-dimensional
representation of the physical structure that meets the objectives/needs of the owner. They are also
known as plans or blueprints. Drawings should be clear representative, easily understood, free
from unnecessary notes, accurately drawn, drawn with appropriate symbols & proper convention,
dimensioned well, properly titled. The first task we were handed at the office was familiarizing our
self with different drawings such as Architectural and Structural.
2.4.2. Site work
The site work on the project was an essential part of my internship program since a lot of
unfamiliar work activities, methodologies and site languages were found. I have gained experience
in communication skills, handling of workers, and management skills. Basically, building
construction work is divided in to sub and super structural work. Sub structure work covers the
portion of a building that extends below the ground level those are basement, retaining walls,
ground slab, grade beam, and foundation. Whereas the super structure part covers those parts
extends above the ground level. For examples beams, elevation columns, slabs, stairs and their
finishing work. When I started this internship program the building which I choose to work on was
in super structural level 7th
floor.
2.4.2.1. Scaffolding
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support people and material in the construction or
repair of buildings and other large structures. It is usually a modular system of metal pipes or tubes,
although it can be formed from other materials like timber or bamboo. When the height of wall or
column or other structural member of a building exceeds about 1.5 m, temporary structures
(scaffolding) are needed to support the platform over which the workmen can sit and carry on the
construction. In our site we used both metal pipes and timber (crist) to construct the scaffolding.
Scaffolds should be inspected at periodic intervals as prescribed by national standards or code of
practices, and the results recorded a competent person.

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Figure 2. Scaffolding
A Scaffold should:
 Be stable & a firm base
 Have a suitable working platform & guard rails.
 Have properly constructed & not put at risk.
2.4.2.2. Formwork
Formwork means temporary support used for cast-in-place concrete designed. Formwork shall be
designed to include own weight, live load, weight of moving equipment operated on formwork,
weight of the concrete in its fluid condition and other factors pertinent to safety of structure during
construction.
Requirements of Form work:-It should be
 Strong enough to support the load of wet concrete & water tight.
 It should be Easy to handle & reusable
 Accurately set out the correct shape & Economical in total cost
 Its contact surface should be uniform & easy to stripe.
Figure 4 Scaffolding

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There are different types of formworks such as:
i. Traditional timber formwork
ii. Engineered Formwork System
iii. Reusable plastic formwork
iv. Permanent Insulated Formwork
v. Stay-In-Place formwork
vi. Flexible formwork.
A type of formwork used on our site was traditional timber panel and engineered formwork. The
formworks were constructed by carpenters with guidance from their Forman and survey
 Formwork for beam and slab
Beam is the horizontal super structure which is used to take load from slabs, floor and roof and
finally transfer the loads to column on which they rest on. Formwork for beams consists of a
bottom and two sides (open through section) in addition to their supporting elements, they used to
retain the wet concrete in the required shape and be able to withstand the initial hydrostatic
pressure of the wet concrete, whereas the formwork soffit apart from retaining the concrete has to
support the initial load of the wet concrete and finally the set concrete until it has gained sufficient
strength to be self-supporting.
When we start our formwork for a beam the bottom of the beam form is constructed and leveled,
then one side of the beam is erected by using nail then we erect the second one .It is essential that
all joints in the formwork are constructed to prevent the escape of grout which could result in
honeycombing and/or further edging in the cast beam. The design of the shuttering should allow
the slab and beam side forms to be removed while the beam soffit remains supported. Formwork to
suspended slabs is similar to that for beams, except that the soffit shuttering is far wider.

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Figure 2.1. Formwork for beam and slab
 Formwork for columns
Columns are the members that take axial compressive load and bending moments. The bending
effect may be due to the lateral loads, end moments, and/or due to eccentricity of the axial loads,
and used to accept Load from beam and transfer to sub structure. In our site there was only a
square column so the rectangular timber formwork in the site mainly consists of side & end planks
(plywoods), yoke (caravat), thrust board (craycheri), gendela and bracing (stanga), nails, nut and
bolts.
The two side and two end planks are joined by the yokes and bolts. Then they are braced
diagonally to the ground by timber woods. Also the column’s horizontal alignment is checked by
using string (sibago) as a guideline.
Figure 5 Form work for beam and slab

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Figure 2.2 Formwork for column
Formwork for stair
Stair is a structure which is used as a link between one floor and another floor. Stairs consists of a
number of steps arranged in a single flight or more number of flights. When we construct
formwork for stair landing is first set in position. The process for constructing the landing is the
same as that of floors. Then Prepare side formwork after that we make the riser formwork with the
dimension specified at the drawing.
Removal of formwork
The process of removing formworks from around the concrete is called stripping or strike-off. The
workmen must not strip the forms until the concrete has properly set. Formwork should be carried
out only after the time when concrete has gained sufficient strength, at least twice the stress to
which the concrete may be subjected to when the formworks are removed. In some cases, the
concrete is allowed to cure before the forms are removed. Removing of the forms must be done
Figure 6 Form work for column

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carefully so that they do not damage or break the parts. Formworks can be reused, and this reduces
or lowers the cost of construction. After the formworks are removed, the workers clean and Store
them for future use.
Name of structure Formwork Removing time
Soffit formwork of slabs and beams 21days
Props to cantilever beams 14days
Walls, vertical side of beams and Vertical
formwork to column
16-48hrs
Table 2.3: Stripping time for formwork
2.4.2.3. Reinforcement bar work
As we have learned in our classes, we know that concrete has high compressive strength and low
tensile strength. To back up its weakness in tensile strength, steel reinforcement which provides the
tensile strength is used with the concrete. The use of concrete with reinforcement steel is very
advantageous because both steel and concrete has the same thermal expansion. Steel also makes a
very good bond with concrete. The bond is created through chemical bond between the two
materials. Also, when the concrete dries after losing its water, the concrete shrinks and grips the
steel bars making a good bond.
In bending loading, the concrete tends to elongate on one side and shorten on the other, together
with the steel within it. Elongation imposes tension to the element and shortening imposes
compression. Concrete structure without reinforcement bar it may have enough compressive
strength but weak in tension so it require reinforcement bar.
Different diameter bars used on our site include;
▪ Ø16, Ø12, Ø10& Ø8 for shear walls, retaining walls, column stirrups and stair and ramps
according to the design.
▪ Ø24 for foundation and columns
▪ The steel grade for Ø24 is S-500.

1
Figure 2.4 Reinforcement bar work
 Preparation of Reinforcement Bars
After the purchase of the steel, they were transported to the site. The bars were bended to ease the
transporting of the full berga bars which are 12m long.
Bar Cutting and Bending
Bar cutting and bending works were done on the site. The bar cut schedule was prepared by the
office engineer in accordance with the structural drawings. Then the bar benders were given the bar
cut schedule to cut and prepare bars accordingly.
Figure 7 Reinforcement bar work

1
Figure 2.5 Preparation of reinforcement bar
 Mesh bars for slab
Mash bar is a hugely versatile reinforcement product, being widely used for a variety of
applications. It is predominantly used as reinforcing fabric in concrete slabs; being immersed in
concrete and vastly increasing the structural rigidity of a construction. In slab reinforcement bar
work there is a bottom and top mesh which are separated by using reinforcement spacer called
kebeleto. The bottom mat of reinforcement resists the positive bending moments at the critical
section in the span and is usually continuous over the entire slab area. The top mat resists the
negative bending moments at the critical section adjacent to the supports in the column strips and
middle strips.
Figure 8 Preparation of reinforcement bar

1
Figure 2.6 Mesh bars for slab
 Reinforcement bar for Column and Beam
Mainly two types of reinforcement are provided in an Rcc column and Beam.
1. Longitudinal reinforcement: is a bar use to deal with the compressive loads and concrete,
consequently reducing the columns overall size and giving more usable area. It also uses to
avoid sudden brittle ductility of the column.
2. Stirrups: it also called transverse reinforcements they are arranged along the columns
lateral directions and it used to hold the longitudinal bars in the position during concreting
it also helps to resists diagonal tension caused by transverse shear due to transverse load or
moment. When used in beams, a stirrup is termed as shear or transverse reinforcement since
it withstands the shear force. Stirrups can be of various shapes depending on the design and
shape of the load- bearing member e.g. Circular, polygonal, a U-stirrup or a crosstie.
However, in our site we uses a rectangular and square shape stirrups.
Figure 9 Mesh bars for slab

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Figure 2.7 Reinforcement bar for column and beam
2.4.2.4. Concert work
Concrete is an engineering material that simulates the properties of rock and is a combination of
particles closely bound together. It is simply a blend of aggregates, normally natural sand and
gravel or crushed rock. Concert is durable, fire resistible, it require low maintenance and it have a
lot of advantages.
 Ingredient material of concrete
I. Cement: is a fine grey powder made of a mixture of calcined limestone and clay. It is a
binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to bind
them together. The contractor used ordinary Portland cement (OPC), because it is the
widely used and available cement type and also it attains its strength normally in 28days.
Figure 10 Reinforcement bar for column and beam

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Figure 2.8 cement
Cement should be stored in an area which is completely dry and free from any kind of
moisture or dampness and packed in bags and it must be stored separately from other items.
II. Aggregate: are the most important constituent on concrete and occupies 65% -75% of total
volume of concrete. The strength and the properties of concrete depend on the quality and
quantity of aggregate because aggregate occupies large volume of concrete. The bulk of
concrete is aggregate in the form of sand and gravel which is bound Together by cement.
Three important requirements of good aggregate:
 Workability when fresh for which the size and gradation of the aggregate.
 Strength and durability when hardened.
 Economy of the mixture - meaning to say that the aggregate should be:
 Available from local and easily accessible deposit or quarry.
 Well graded in order to minimize paste, hence cement requirement.
Aggregates used in constructions are generally divided into two based on their size:
1. Coarse aggregate:- is basically a gravel or crushed rock. They should be clean, sharp,
angular and hard. They give mass to the concrete and prevent shrinkage of cement.
2. Fine aggregates:- is basically a sand that is used in concrete. Sand can be selected using
standard tests or It can also be selected by visual inspection by hand as follow:
 First hold the sand by your hand
 Release your fingers
 Try to compress it
 If the sand disturbed from your hand without leaving some dusty, it does not
have high silt content and it is good sand, other with it should be rejected or
washed.
Figure 11 Cement

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Figure 2.9 Aggregate
III. Water: is natural existing liquid substance that used to
 Curing of concrete
 Bond the other ingredient of the concretes and make it set and harden.
 Lubricate all other materials and make concrete workable.
Water should have to be cleaned and free from impurities which are likely to affect the quality or
strength of the resultant concrete. Some of the impurities in mixing water that cause these
undesirable effects in the final concrete are Dissolved Chemicals, Seawater, and Sugar &Algae etc.
Impurities in mixing water may cause anyone or all of the following:
 Corrosion of reinforcement
 Volume changes
 Abnormal setting time
 Decreased strength
Concrete work includes batching and mixing of concrete materials, placing of concrete,
compaction and curing of concrete. Since the entire site work is related with the concrete work, we
tried to know prior about concrete and its preparation along with the casting process. During this
time, we understood so many things and we put them forth as the following.
 Batching
Prior to the mixing of ingredient, it is essential to measure the materials accurately to ensure the
right proportions. The concrete may be batched either by weight or by volume. Even though
batching by weight is preferable for its simplicity and convenience, volume batching was being
Figure 12 Aggregate

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used at our construction site. But cement is always measured by weight. During batching it is
essential to select suitable ingredients of concrete and proportioning their relative quantities with
the object of getting as economically as possible concrete of certain minimum properties such as
strength, durability and workability.
Concrete grade Compressive
strength (MPA)
Mixing ratio Box dimension Used
C-25 25 1:2:3 18*40*50 We used it for
beam, slab, stair
and lift shear
wall
C-30 30 1:2:3 18*40*50 We used it for
column
Table 2.5: Batching box dimension
 Mixing of concrete
The ingredients of concrete are mixed thoroughly such that they are uniformly distributed in the
concrete mass and shall produce a workable and consistent mix. The mixing methods may be hand
mixing or machine mixing. Since the site constitutes large construction works and hence it required
good quality of concrete, they were using machine mixing method. All the ingredients including
water are put according their ratio in to the mixing drum. The drum is rotated for 2 to 3 minutes to
mix one batch of concrete and then the mix is taken out of the drum and immediately transported to
the place where it will be casted. The quick transportation of concrete is essential such that the
concrete is placed and compacted before the initial set of cement starts.
 Transportation of Concrete
At our site concrete was mixed on site so there was no need for transportation from outside. In our
sites case we mainly used man power and lift to transport concrete on the site. Concrete after
mixing must be placed in the space required and compacted before its initial setting starts. When
placing concrete be care full not to damage the form work and reinforcements. And avoid Delay,
Segregation, and Wastage &Bleeding.

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Figure 2.10 Transportation of concrete
 Placement of Concrete
The concrete should be placed and vibrated before its setting starts. Following precautions should
be taken while placing the concrete:
 Lay continuously to avoid irregular and unsightly lines.
 To avoid sticking of concrete, formwork should be oiled before concreting.
Figure 13 Transportation of concrete

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 The position of formwork and reinforcement should not be disturbed.
 To avoid segregation, concrete should not be dropped height more than 1m &
placed in rains.
Figure 2.11 Placement of conctrete
 Compaction of concrete
In this process, efforts are only directed to reduce the voids in the compacted concrete. During
casting of concrete, it should be thoroughly compacted so as
 To form a dense homogeneous mass properly worked.
 To avoid any segregation & bleeding of concrete.
Any compaction methods, however, should not cause any disturbance or movement of the formwork
or location of the reinforcement. If the mix is large amount it is difficult to compact and if it is small
amount there may be segregation during compaction. So we should use optimum amount. Not
properly compacted concrete results in “honey comb” which is the expose of the steel
reinforcements to air. This results in:
 Weakening the overall casted structure
 Rusting the steel reinforcement
Figure 14 Placement of concrete

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 Reducing the bearing capacity
Figure 2.12 Compaction of concrete
 Concrete cover
Is the minimum clear thickness of between the surface of the reinforcement and face of the concrete.
Concrete cover must above the steel reinforcement because it protects the steel from external
damage like moisture, heat, corrosion, rust and others.
 Concrete cover used on site must not be;
 Less than minimum cover shown on the drawing
 More than 4% of the overall dimension of the member measured in the same
direction, or by 20mm, whichever is the lesser
 At our site we used
 For slabs 15mm cover
 For beams and columns 25mm cover
 For foundations 50mm cover
Spacers:- are materials used for the purpose of concrete cover in order to cover the bar from any
external damage and to make long life for the bar. It provides a space for the concrete to cover the
F

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reinforcement bars in columns, beams, slabs etc. This spacer is made at the site by using wire and
concrete with different size.
Figure 2.13 Spacers
 Curing of concrete
After placing concrete in position, it should remain protected for sufficient time to become durable
and strong. Concrete shall be protected from premature drying and excessively hot temperatures for
max, 28 days from the date of casting. The concrete surface shall be kept continuously wet by
application of water for at least 7 days to maintain constant temperature and thus regulate its heat of
hydration. Where the temperature is excessively high the surface of concrete shall be covered with
absorptive mat, fabric or sand continuously kept wet or the application of other moisture retaining
covering as approved by the Engineer. The watering of concrete shall continue until the concrete has
achieved its designed strength. Proper curing of concrete has a prominent use such as: -
 Increase resistance to abrasion
 Increase impermeability and durability of concrete
 Reduces shrinkage and thus cracking
Figure 16 Spacers

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 Gives a hard dense surface and so prevent cracking and dusting
Figure 2.14 Curing of concrete
2.4.2.5. Block Work
Block work is most important work for the construction of any building. Concrete block are very
common building components that are used worldwide, it is a widely used style because of its
excellent properties of durability, high resistance to rain, fire and inclement environmental condition,
also it is excellent sound insulation and concrete block are proven and familiar building method with
no risk, widely and readily available and cost effective. There are different types of concrete block,
and we uses hollow concrete blocks with a standard size of 20cm(H)* 20cm(W)* 40cm(L) and
15cm*20cm*40cm for external and internal walls respectively in the site. Concrete block units shall
be stored in dry location.
HCB installation method
1. First we have to be sure the structure that we install the HCB has fully cured and hardened,
and then mark an outline for the HCB wall on the surface of the structure by using a string
line.
2. We mix 1:4 ratio of mortal, then lay a 1-inch thick layer of mortal onto the structure inside
the outline.
3. Position the first course of HCB into the mortal and tap the block downward slightly to
embed them in the mortal.
4. After we work down the first course we use a level to adjust the block so they are perfectly
vertical, and use stakes and string. At the opposite end of the wall, end the course with
F

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another corner unit, begin the next course of blocks with a half block to ensure that vertical
joints will be offset as you work down the course.
Note: - For tall walls, it is best to lay not more than six courses each day. This will allow the mortal
to set up and harden completely and will reduce the chances that the wall will fail.
 In certain areas of the lower building (1st to 6th level), the partition wall construction has
begun. Construction of the partition wall has been done with HCB, which come in 15 and 20
mm dimensions.
Figure 2.15 HCB wall
2.4.2.6. Plastering work
Is a process of applying thin cover of cement mortar over the exposed surface in order to
safeguard against penetration of water, make a strong surface and takes placed after the
surfaceis chiseled. It improves the appearance of the structure and gives decorative effect to
both the interiors and exteriors.
 Mortar mix
In the project site, the mortar mix ration is 1:3. That means for 1 bag of cement or 50
kg of cement 3-gauge box of 40cm x 50cm x 18cm volume is needed
 The sand used in the mortar is well-graded and clean
The cementing material they mostly used wzs PPC cement (Portland Pozzolanic Cement)
F

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Note: During the last month plastering work has been performed largely. We have noticed that the
workers were chiseling the wall, which have been made from concrete. It was because to help the
mortar to be attached strongly.
Figure 2.16 Plastering of walls
2.4.2.7. Electric System Installation
The electrical installation of a building consists of several parts (electrical circuits) which combine
electrical equipment installed in one or more rooms of the building and intended to perform certain
functions. Electrical installations of a building have four steps
Step 1: Laying the electrical conduits in the slab
Step 2: Installation of distribution boards
Step 3: Laying the electrical conduits in the wall
Step 4: Installation of switch boards back boxes
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Figure 2.16 Preparation of Electric conduit
Figure 20 Preparation of electric conduit

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2.5. How Good I Have Been in Performing the Work Task
Internship helps the student to know and to gain experience in both the practical and theoreticalway.
So, I try to compete with any ask that is expected from me within the specified time. As much as
possible I have tried best to handle the activities which was assigned to me. The procedures I used to
perform my task uses method of gathering information and through Observation. This method of
gathering information and Observation includes: -
 Observing how every activity is done and questioning the general Forman,
bar bender Forman, the gang chiefs, the carpenters, the engineers at the site
engineers.

2.6. The way I perform while working on my task.
 Networking opportunities with professionals in the field
 Ensuring control and efficiency of my time.
 Close monitoring of tasks and procedures.
 Fast and transparent office works like preparing takeoff, bar seclude,
material request form,payment certificate.
 Occasional involvement in activities.
2.7. Challenges While Performing Work Task
 At first the harsh weather condition and scorching sun also became, remarkable
challenge for new intern like me.
 Lack of adequate offices with furniture’s was making almost impossible to execute
office engineering work on construction site hence the site I had been exposed were
new.
 Lack of safety equipment on the project site, even not having personal protective
materials which will make risk of construction injury very high.
 It had been a major challenge for me to communicate with the workers, Forman,
carpenters, masons & site engineer, because the words they use on the site are
new,and which are totally confusing and hard to memorize in the first few weeks of
the internship period.
 Carelessness from some another site contractors ( casting concrete while high amount
of water exists in foundation pads).

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2.9. Measures taken to overcome the challenges
 I have learned the words they used by asking and trying to memorize each
word. As time progresses I was able to understand and respond to the words.
 I managed to adapt the harsh work environment of scorching sun.
 The site engineer tried to manage the daily labors strictly.
 I managed to deal office engineering works on my home, since there are no
room on site to prepare takeoff.
 I try to take care for myself from potential injury risks, by wearing safety
shoes. Even though, I and my intern friend continuously appeal to the
contractor to provide safety equipment to us, and they give us helmets for the
last week

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CHAPTER THREE
3. OVERALL BENEFITS I GOT FORM THE INTERNSHIP
Work experience gives us the opportunity to gain greater understanding about our chosen field. As a
full time student, one of the best ways to gain this experience is by working as an intern in our field
of study to gain practical experience. An internship offers us the chance to learn by doing in a
setting where we are supervised by a work-place professional, and have the opportunity to achieve
our own learning goals, without the responsibilities of being a permanent employee.
3.1. Improving my practical skills
The internship program paved the way for me to develop and improve my skills. During my 4
years of apprenticeship, all I experienced was theoretical knowledge. In this program, I was able to
put some theoretical knowledge into practice. I was able to see how to coordinate work, equipment,
and order building materials. I learned to command and control workers to perform tasks
efficiently. The practical skills I learned helped me have a better view of the construction industry.
I was able to improve my practical skills by;
 Applying the theoretical knowledge to each work tasks performed,
 Placement of reinforcement bars and spacing of bars,
 Placement of bar chairs,
 Reading and interpreting drawings,
 Guiding the placement of lean concrete with the survey team by leveling the depth for
the lean concrete,
 Surveying and measuring while excavation took place,
 Measuring and checking column alignments with reference of the structural drawing
3.2. UPGRADING MY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
When I join the company the only thing that I have was theoretical knowledge that I learn for the
past 3 and half years. Then after spending my time in the site I start to understand what I learn more
briefly and know how to use it with our country situation and context. So I tried to experience and
learn every work as much as possible. In the last 3 month I learn many things such as:-
 Design philosophy in construction which mainly include Safety, being Economical
and Functional,

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 Types of foundations and the primary basis for selecting a type of foundation for a building
which are the live and dead loads imposed on the building, the bearing capacity and type of
the soil, ground water condition of the site, Purpose of concrete curing and the types of
curing that can be used.
3.3. Inter personal communication skill
The other benefit that I gained is communication skill. The people I met in our internship
time differ from our campus friends with their life style, attitude and academic level, Since
construction work is a team work by its nature you will face different individuals with
different professions and personality come up together and communicate with each other to
solve different problems and run the whole work.
I developed a skill how to minimize this gap in order to create good interaction with them
forthe sake of making good environment, to get brief explanation about unclear points and
to share their experiences.
Through time I believed that good relation and communication skill is the key for
getting the experience and knowledge I require for the internship program.
3.4. Team Playing Skills
Team playing skill means understanding and achieving our duties in group. To build
strong team, we have to talk to team without offending and hear them also without
defending.
I learnt that as part of a team, an engineer should have to works with a positive attitude
withina group for the success of a project. When called upon to lead, an engineer must have
good managerial and organizational skills. Confident and enthusiastic engineers are able to
succeed by gaining the trust of co-workers.
Good team members possesses the following skill
 Functions as an active participant
 flexibility
 Communicates constructively
 Listens actively

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 Holding myself accountable
 Motivating team members.
 Being committed to team
 Shares openly and willingly
 Cooperates and pitches in to help
 Shows commitment to the team
 Treats others in a respectful and supportive manner
3.5. Leadership skills
The construction work has its own hierarchy of leadership in my site. The hierarchy step is:
Company manager → project manager → Forman → daily labors.
Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples.
In my apparent time i have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its
day to day activities. Among all other managements I have seen that human resource
management is the most important one. And i have actually observed the method of
controlling the working time and amount of work done by each worker so that the work
proceeds according to the work plan. For effective leadership I understood that personal
values like confidence, effective communication and devotion are very important.
Some of leadership skills that I improved during internship are:-
 Being the work place on time.
 Being strategic to solve different problems
 Being active to listen the opinion of others
 Being flexible and communicable with workersBeing creative.
 Being creative.
 The ability to inspiring and encouraging the workers.
 The ability of convincing the worker and related persons
 Understanding what decision is made in different issue.
 Managing the time effectively
In my site most of the work was leads by the Forman but he gets instruction from the
projectmanager and checked by the supervisor. Most of the supervisor works are to keep

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the client interest and oversee the project work. Most of the project manager
responsibilities are to instruct all the work and guide the Forman but all decisions and new
changes must be knownby the company manager. In this work flow I see how contractors
and Forman leads the work its great the way they put engineering solutions for any
problems.
3.6. Understanding about work ethics related issues
Work ethics include not only how one feels about their job, career or vocation, but also
how one does his/her job or responsibilities. This involves attitude, behavior, respect,
communication, and interaction; how one gets along with others. In my internship stay
time, I try to follow through the company’s work ethics. When I talk about work ethics it is
a set of moral standards for each trade, profession, or job classification.
In the construction site I have observed two types of work ethics. These are:
1. Personal ethics: These involved with a person adopts them on his or her own.
These includes:
 Reliability & Honesty
 Tolerance & Transparency
 Punctuality & Sincerity
2. Specific to work situation
 Rude and impolite behavior
 Keeping certain information confidential.
 Office disciplines & Cooperation
 Being prepared to take up a new tasks.
 Accountability Problems of work ethics issue.
 In adequate knowledge and skill
3.7. Entrepreneurship skills
Entrepreneurial skill is an individual’s ability to turn ideas in to action it includes creativity,
innovation and risk taking as well as the ability to plan and manage projects’ in order to
achieve objective. This is what I observed and learned from my mentors’ action through
his work of the project and adapt to develop it throughout my carrier.

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CHAPTER 4
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1. Conclusion
My 3 months internship at Dunya design and consulting company open my eyes to the practical
aspects of civil engineering at one of the current projects. It was a B+G+6 mixed building. We
focused on the structural side of things in both the office works and the site. This allowed me to
bridge the knowledge gap between classroom and the field.
The past three months have been the most important period of my life. It was also the starting point
of my career. It gave me high marks in my future as a construction engineer. It allowed me to make
a valuable connection and gain invaluable experience. It gives me the opportunity to review what I
have learned over the past four years and six months directly or indirectly. It was a huge step
forward in improving my communication, teamwork and leadership skills. I'm pretty sure it will also
be a stepping stone to the next part of my life. I have improved my skills through this program. My
only regret is not being able to work longer. But looking at the bright side, it was a great experience.
I saw a lot of new things that I couldn't see in the classroom.
The courses I've taken so far haven't given me much information on what could be. But the
internship showed me what could happen and the challenges I might face as a construction engineer.
The workers I work with are very good at what they do and I have a lot to learn from them. Also,
they are happy to share what they know and try their best to teach me as much as possible. Here I
would like to mention that I had the opportunity to know what makes a well-rounded and ethical
employee. I also get a lot of advice and positive reviews about my work and strengths. But the best
part about this program is that I was able to learn more about construction in this field than I
expected.
Generally, some of the knowledge that gained from internships are: -
 It is helpful for the students to know what the outside environment look like
 It helps the students to get a practical knowledge.

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 It helps the students to improve or enhance their social interaction skill by communicating
with people who have different behaviors, knowledge and cultures.
 It is necessary for the student to make a bridge between theoretical concept and real world
problems.
 To improve self-confidences and to make full understanding about the outside environment
(construction site)
In general it would be fair to say the internship program has been a help full experience in
exposing me to the real engineering work. So it was an exciting event. Also this program
created an opportunity to think in what way I should have to learn and what type of
knowledge should I have to gather before I leave the university.
Farther more the internship program has shown me my bright full fortune!!
Finally, I would like to thank everyone who has helped me during my time as an engineer intern. I
have had the most valuable experience with the program and I hope it will benefit me as much as I
thought it would.
4.2. Recommendation
4.2.1. Recommendation for hosting company
My training experience at Dunya design and consulting has been so satisfying that there is very little
to complain about. I feel very lucky to have been offered a place here. I am happy with style of
supervision of Engineer Kirubel and some others who helped me.
From my point of view I have recommended to Dunya design and consulting the following:-
 Material should be stored at appropriate and safe places on the site to prevent
wastage.
 For better bondage and inter lock within the concrete itself and with the
reinforcement bar the concrete must be casted monotonically, if not cracks may
appear in short period of time. When the workers cast the beam and slab, they cast
the concrete discontinuously because they don’t have large mixer instead it took
them 3 days to finish all the slab and beam. So in this case I recommend the
company to use large mixer equipment’s.

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 Most of site workers, particularly site engineers and daily laborers do not have
safety closes like safety shoes, helmets etc. to protect them from sudden injuries.
Due to this problem, they are exposed to different injuries while working. Therefore
I recommend the company to arrange safety tools for site workers
 Use modern machinery and equipment’s, this will enable the projects to be finished
with a lot of speed and will save more money that will be wasted hiring large
number of labors. And also has the advantage of using the machinery for a longer
period of time
 The companies hosting the students don’t pay much attention to students; they don’t
even arrange the necessary materials and office for interns. This negligence affects
the motivation and work habit of the students. I highly recommend that the
companies must think about and arrange suitable working environment for interns
4.2.2. Recommendation to the university
 The university should have close and strong communication with the hosting organization to
supervise the students on the internship period.
 The university does not provide enough funding for their internship. The pocket money
given to us is insufficient and it was not given for the students by the scheduled period it
must be given a care.
 As engineering student we have focus on practical learning technique rather than theoretical
courses therefore I recommend our university to arrange Field trips and Practical
observations, which is very helpful to easily understanding of the theoretical courses given in
the class and also it makes the teaching learning more practical rather than theoretical this
make the students full confidential and good professional in the field of study.
 Many construction Organizations and companies are reluctant to offer opportunity to
internship students, this reluctance make tough the search for Host Company for interns,
therefore I suggest the university by its university industry linkage office to find internship
sites to interns according to students demand.

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Reference
 Ethiopian building code standards(EBCS)
 Technical specification for building works
 The Company Manual Document
 BATCODA technical speciation
 Text book of building construction
 Construction Material and others related handout
 Procurement and contract adminis

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Local Site Terms and Definition
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APPENDICES
 Berga - twelve-meter steel bar
 Fasha - the line used as reference point for plastering work
 Fino - third coat plastering
 Junta - vertical gap between two adjacent HCB wall
 Mero - equipment used for chiseling
 Riga - equipment used to level plastering thickness
 Stafa - stirrups
 Stanga - used to support the formwork and to keep the vertical alignment
 Tumbi - (plumb bob) used to check the perpendicularity of column and blocks
 Ferro - Reinforcement bar
 Soleta - slab formwork
 Segeto - an instrument that is used to cut reinforcement bar
 Ferayo - the bar bender (the person)

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