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Financial-Management
- 1. Financial Management Insight Strategiesto Help Build Your Future
- 2. Some people aspireto buy a dream home or travel the world after they retire. Others want to help their children pay for a college education. And when it comes down to it, many of us would love to accomplish all these worthy goals. Sound financial management is a process that begins with a person’s first paycheck and continues through each stage of life. Like the stages of building a sand castle, each decision you make about money today forms the foundation for your financial future. Cash Management Improving your financial position Protection Strategies Strengthening your “safety net”
- 3. Investing Fundamentals Building aportfolio Tax Issues Managing your tax burden Retirement Planning Funding a comfortable financial future Estate Matters Preserving wealth
- 4. Cash Management Improving YourFinancial Position Three main steps are involved in taking control of your cash flow: 1. Assess your current situation. You cannot make sound decisions about your money if you have no idea what you’re spending your money on, can you? Once you see where you might be wasting money, you could put it to work more productively. 2. Build a cash reserve or emergency fund. This is the “rainy day” money you set aside for life’s surprises. 3. Pay down credit-card debt. Credit cards are a double-edged sword. Most people rely on them as a financial convenience, but credit cards have a “dark” side too, namely their relatively high rate of interest. Embrace the Household Budget Creating a budget involves allocating a set amount of money to spend on such items as housing, food, transportation, and entertainment — and to save for the future. A good first step is to keep a detailed record of all spending for at least 30 days. Every expense should be labeled, categorized, and subcategorized for tracking purposes. This may seem like a daunting task, but today’s technology could make it less tedious and possibly even fun. You can write down each expense or use computer software, online financial tools, or a mobile budgeting app. After 30 days, you may notice that you tend to spend more than you thought on some types of items or activities. Regardless of the budgeting method you prefer, the process can help you identify and curtail overspending. A budget doesn’t have to be overly restrictive to be effective, as long as it provides realistic spending guidelines that reflect your earnings and lifestyle. Only 32% of Americans prepare a written or computerized household budget each month that tracks income and expenses. Source: Gallup, 2013
- 5. 41% Spend less than theyearn 19% Spend more than they earn 36% Break even (earnings/spending) The Bottom Line Percentage of Americans who Source: FINRA Investor Education Foundation, 2013 Be Prepared for Life’s Surprises A sudden job loss — even unexpected expenses like a major car repair and medical bill — could be devastating if you don’t have an adequate cash cushion. To avoid racking up debt during tough times, you may want to keep a cash reserve fund that is large enough to cover living expenses for at least three to six months. Emergency funds typically should be held in a bank money market or savings account where the cash would be readily accessible when needed. A review of your spending habits may reveal some relatively painless ways to cut back, leaving a little more to sock away each month. Here are two more ways to build up your emergency fund. • Divert a portion of salary. Determine how much income you can afford to set aside and transfer that amount automatically from your paycheck to a separate account. • Make the most of a windfall. Resolve to save your tax refund, annual bonus check, monetary gifts, and other unplanned income.
- 6. $28,427 Cost of theaverage wedding (in 2012) $12,290 to $14,320 Average annual child-rearing expenses for a middle-income family (per child) Life’s Expensive Milestones How Debt Can Stand in the Way of Progress Here’s a hypothetical example that demonstrates the true cost of carrying a large amount of credit-card debt. For someone with $25,000 of credit-card debt (15% interest rate) who consistently makes $400 monthly payments, it would take 10 years to pay off the balance — and add up to $23,939 of interest.1 On the other hand, if the same $400 was invested monthly in an account earning a hypothetical 7% rate of return, the account could grow to $69,234 over the same 10 years. The difference between these two results — the investment opportunity lost to credit-card debt — is a surprising $93,173. When you think about it that way, it might make more sense to pay off high-interest credit-card debt before you make any other investment. This hypothetical example is used for illustrative purposes only and does not represent any specific investment or credit card. It assumes a 7% annual return on the investment and a 15% annual interest rate on the credit cards. It also assumes a 10-year repayment schedule for the credit-card debt with no new charges added. Actual results will vary. Investments with the potential for higher rates of return also carry a greater degree of risk of loss. 1 Federal Reserve, 2013
- 7. $301,970 Estimated cost toraise a child born in 2012 to age 18 (with projected inflation) $18,391 Average annual cost to attend a four-year public college, 2013–14 (tuition, fees, room, and board) $40,917 Make that a private college Sources: CNNMoney, March 10, 2013; U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2013; The College Board, 2013 Escape the Credit-Card Trap Statistics indicate that American households with at least one credit card had credit-card debt averaging $15,990 in 2012.1 Although paying off your cards may not sound as appealing as a trip to Hawaii or a new car, it could prove to be one of the wisest “investments” you make. Here are four strategies to help pay down credit-card debt more quickly. 1. Pay more than the minimum monthly amounts whenever possible, and try to reduce the account balances on the highest-rate cards first. 2. Use low introductory rates or 0% balance transfers to help lower interest payments and pay off more of the balance during the promotional period. Before transferring balances, make sure any rates that might kick in later won’t be higher than normal, and resolve not to spend more and run up the balance again after you pay off the card. 3. Make monthly payments on time. The interest rate on some accounts may be much higher for cardholders who pay late or have low credit scores in general. 4. Call the credit-card company and try to negotiate a lower rate. 1 CNNMoney, 2013
- 8. Regardless of whereyou live, what you do for a living, and the lifestyle you personally enjoy, there are many forms of insurance that could provide some financial protection from life’s unknowns. Therefore, it might be worth the time and effort to review your coverage and evaluate whether it is still adequate for your family’s needs. Protection Strategies Strengthening Your “Safety Net”
- 9. 1 Employee Benefit ResearchInstitute, 2013 Homeowners Insurance A home could be the single largest investment you make in your lifetime. Homeowners insurance provides compensation (up to the policy limits) if the policy owner’s home is damaged or destroyed, or if the family’s possessions are stolen or damaged. It can also provide some measure of protection against liability claims and medical expenses that result from property damage or injuries suffered by others on the property. Auto Insurance People rarely stop to think about the dangers associated with driving and many other normal, everyday activities. Auto insurance not only helps protect your vehicle, but it may also shield you from liability for damage or injury (up to policy limits) caused by you or someone else driving your car. Health Insurance As health-care costs have risen, workers who can enroll in an employer-sponsored medical plan may notice plan changes such as higher premiums, deductibles, and coinsurance rates. Starting in 2014, most individuals who are not covered by employer-sponsored health insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, or another government program will be required to obtain health coverage or pay an annual tax penalty. Individuals can purchase insurance that meets minimum standards directly from a private insurance company (or broker) or from an exchange run by their state or the federal government. Medicare Medicare is the U.S. government’s health insurance program for people aged 65 and older as well as younger individuals with specific disabilities and illnesses. Even with Medicare, there are some fairly stiff deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance. In fact, Medicare typically covers only a little more than 60% of the average participant’s health-care costs.1 An alternative to Original Medicare is Medicare Advantage (Part C) — private plans that provide the benefits and services of Medicare Parts A and B and may offer additional benefits such as vision, wellness, and prescription drug coverage.
- 10. Source: Insurance InformationInstitute, 2013 Theft $3,231 Fire/lightning/debris removal $33,064 Bodily injury/property damage (liability) $18,332 Wind/hail $7,177 Water damage/ freezing $7,039 Credit-card fraud/other $6,967 Damage from wind and hail is the most common type of homeowners insurance claim, but fires are generally the most expensive. Homeowners’ Losses by Severity of Claims (weighted average, 2007–2011) Why Homeowners Depend on Insurance
- 11. Eight out of10 affluent Americans ranked rising health-care costs as their top financial concern. Source: LifeHealthPro, May 20, 2013 A Bitter Pill Health-care costs for the typical American family (with employer coverage) reached $22,030 in 2013. The family’s share amounted to $9,144 in payroll deductions and out-of-pocket expenses — more than the family would spend on groceries. Source: Milliman, 2013 $18,074 $19,393 $20,728 $22,030 $16,771 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Annual health-care costs for a family of four
- 12. Disability Income Insurance Adisabling illness or injury that prevents you from earning a living could ruin your efforts to secure a comfortable financial future. Many employers offer group short-term disability insurance, but the coverage may last only a few weeks or months. Long-term group disability coverage generally replaces only 50% to 60% of a worker’s income, and any benefits would be taxable if the employer paid the premiums. Few people would be able to meet all their expenses if they had to live on half of their current salaries. How can you help protect your income and lifestyle from the financial ramifications of a prolonged disability? You might consider purchasing an individual disability income insurance policy if you are self-employed or your employer coverage is insufficient for your family’s needs. It might surprise you to know that a 40-year-old has a 43% chance of experiencing a long-term disability (lasting 90 or more days) before age 65. Without disability income insurance protection, that could spell financial disaster. Source: 2014 Field Guide, National Underwriter
- 13. Life Insurance There aretwo basic types of life insurance. Term insurance is pure insurance that is purchased for a specified but limited period of time. When the term expires, coverage ends. It tends to be more affordable, especially for younger individuals. Permanent (whole life) insurance also offers a death benefit, but the insurance remains in force for the rest of policy owner’s lifetime, as long as premiums are paid. In addition, a portion of the premiums goes into a cash- value account that accumulates on a tax-deferred basis. The cost and availability of life insurance depend on factors such as age, health, and the type and amount of insurance purchased. Before implementing a strategy involving life insurance, it would be prudent to make sure that you are insurable. As with most financial decisions, there are expenses associated with the purchase of life insurance. Policies commonly have mortality and expense charges. In addition, if a policy is surrendered prematurely, there may be surrender charges and income tax implications. Any guarantees are contingent on the claims-paying ability of the issuing insurance company.
- 14. A sound investmentstrategy based on your financial goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance could serve you well over the long run. To build a portfolio that could help meet your needs, you should consider why you are investing and the time frame available before you need the money. If you are investing for your children’s college education, for example, you may not be able to assume as much investment risk because your time frame is short. If retirement is a long way off, you may be able to invest more aggressively. In addition, you should think about your tolerance for risk, which refers to how well you tend to handle dramatic ups and downs in the markets and changes in the value of your portfolio. Investing Fundamentals Building a Portfolio
- 15. Understanding basic investmentstrategies may help you make more informed investing decisions. Asset allocation involves dividing your portfolio into different asset classes — typically, stocks, bonds, and cash — to seek the highest potential return based on your risk tolerance. This process can help you balance investments that have lower levels of risk with those that have a higher potential for growth. Diversification generally means “don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” Different types of investments may react to changing market conditions in different ways. When your money is diversified, gains in one area may help compensate for losses in another. By distributing your holdings among a variety of investments, you can help limit your risk of loss in any one sector of the market. Dollar-cost averaging involves investing a fixed amount of money at regular intervals, such as monthly. By investing the same amount consistently over time, you are able to buy more shares of an investment when the price is low and fewer shares when the price is high, which may result in a lower average cost per share whether the market is going up or down. Because dollar-cost averaging involves making periodic investments, you should consider your financial ability and willingness to continue making purchases during periods of low and high price levels. These strategies may seem unexciting, but much of their value comes from reducing the potential to react emotionally during periods of market volatility. Asset allocation, diversification, and dollar-cost averaging won’t guarantee a profit or prevent a loss; they are methods used to help manage investment risk. Investments offering the potential for higher rates of return also involve a higher degree of risk of principal. The return and principal value of all investments fluctuate with changes in market conditions. Shares, when sold, and bonds redeemed prior to maturity may be worth more or less than their original cost.
- 16. Tax Issues Managing YourTax Burden It’s not easy to keep up with complex tax laws that always seem to be changing, much less figure out how they might affect your finances. Even so, it is important to consider taxes when making financial decisions. You may even be able to postpone or reduce your tax obligation with some careful planning and the guidance of a tax professional. Federal Income Tax Brackets There are seven federal income tax brackets. This table shows the taxable income ranges for single filers and married joint filers for the 2014 tax year. Dollar limitations are adjusted annually for inflation. Single filers Joint filers Tax rate Up to $9,075 Up to $18,150 10% $9,076 to $36,900 $18,151 to $73,800 15% $36,901 to $89,350 $73,801 to $148,850 25% $89,351 to $186,350 $148,851 to $226,850 28% $186,351 to $405,100 $226,851 to $405,100 33% $405,101 to $406,750 $405,101 to $457,600 35% Over $406,750 Over $457,600 39.6% Taxable incomes Source: Tax Foundation, 2013
- 17. The U.S. taxcode is nearly 74,000 pages long. Source: CNNMoney, July 24, 2013 *The Medicare surtax may not apply to all investment income for taxpayers in these AGI ranges. For example, it does not apply to municipal bond interest or IRA withdrawals. Short-term capital gains on investments held 12 months or less are taxed as ordinary income, so investors in the top 39.6% tax bracket could owe up to 43.4% on short-term gains. Source: CCH, 2013 Investment Tax Rates The tax code treats capital gains and dividends differently from ordinary income, such as that received from wages or interest from bonds and savings accounts. High-income taxpayers may also be subject to a Medicare surtax on net investment income — capital gains, dividends, interest, royalties, rents, and passive income — or on the excess of adjusted gross income (AGI) over the $200,000 (single filer) and $250,000 (joint filer) thresholds shown below. Single filers Joint filers Long-term capital gains and dividend tax Medicare surtax Total investment tax rate Up to $36,900 Up to $73,800 0% 0% 0% $36,900 up to $200,000 $73,800 up to $250,000 15% 0% 15% $200,000 up to $406,750 $250,000 up to $457,600 15% 3.8%* 18.8%* Over $406,750 Over $457,600 20% 3.8%* 23.8%* Adjusted gross income (AGI)
- 18. Retirement Planning Funding aComfortable Financial Future Setting the stage for a comfortable retirement involves determining how much you need to save and developing a roadmap to pursue your goal. It’s never too early to prepare for retirement. The beneficial impact of compounding is enhanced for workers who start saving early in their careers. People who wait until they are older to save for retirement have less time on their side and will typically have to invest much more of their incomes to achieve the same result.
- 19. How much moneywill you need? It basically depends on a number of factors specific to your personal situation. You might start by asking yourself these questions: Considering these and other potential retirement expenses, especially the potential for higher health-care costs, experts suggest that you might need at least 70% to 80% of your pre-retirement income to live comfortably in retirement. Have you considered the impact of inflation on your savings needs? If inflation averaged 2.82% a year, an item that costs $1 in 2014 could cost $2.30 in 2044 — more than twice as much! This hypothetical example is used for illustrative purposes only. Actual results will vary. What retirement lifestyle do you envision? Do you plan to move, travel extensively, or maintain a country club membership? You might need more than someone who anticipates a more frugal lifestyle. How many years will you spend in retirement? Consider your health and family history. At what age would you like to retire? The earlier you retire, the more financial resources you may need. Will you pay for health-care expenses out of pocket, or will a former employer help cover the costs? It’s estimated that a married couple who retired at age 65 in 2013 might need about $255,000 to cover their health expenses in retirement. Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute, 2013
- 20. What Income SourcesWill You Have? Social Security: Benefits are based on your age when you claim them. If you retire at your “full retirement” age — which ranges from 66 to 67 — you will receive your “full” Social Security benefit. If you choose to claim benefits at age 62 (the earliest claiming age), you will receive a permanently reduced benefit (up to 30% less than the full benefit, depending on your age). If you delay claiming benefits after reaching full retirement age, you will receive a larger benefit — about 8% more for each year you delay, up to age 70. Married couples may have additional filing strategies to maximize lifetime benefits. Personal savings and investments: Unless you receive a traditional pension, the money you save and invest will make up the bulk of your retirement income. You might invest in tax-deferred IRAs and employer-sponsored retirement plans. And you might supplement these plans with taxable financial vehicles such as stocks, bonds, cash alternatives, and mutual funds. Mutual funds are sold by prospectus. Please consider the investment objectives, risks, charges, and expenses carefully before investing. The prospectus, which contains this and other information about the investment company, can be obtained from your financial professional. Be sure to read the prospectus carefully before deciding whether to invest. Even though you might receive annual cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs), Social Security shouldn’t be counted on to cover all your living expenses in retirement. The estimated average monthly benefit for retired workers in 2014 is only $1,294. Source: Social Security Administration, 2013
- 21. 401(k), 403(b), or 457plan Traditional and Roth IRAs (combined limit) Regular annual limit Catch-up contribution for workers age 50 and older Retirement Plan Contribution Limits (2014 tax year) If you are eligible to contribute to an IRA or an employer- sponsored retirement plan, your annual tax-deductible or pre-tax contributions are capped by federal law. $1,000 $5,500 $17,500 $5,500 $6,500 $23,000
- 22. Estate Matters Preserving Wealth Yourestate comprises all the wealth you have accumulated over your lifetime, including real estate, stocks, bonds, business interests, retirement plans, personal effects, and anything else you own. Effective estate conservation can provide several benefits: • Select the people and organizations you want to receive your assets, and determine how and when they will receive their inheritance • Choose individuals who will manage your estate, including an executor, a trustee, and others • Choose guardians for minor-age children • Help reduce estate settlement costs, including probate
- 23. Important Estate Documents Havingcertain legal documents in place can provide a roadmap that your heirs can follow. It is important to keep these documents up to date and in a secure location that is known to family members and/or trusted professionals. A last will and testament is a good start, but it won’t prevent your estate from going through the probate process, which can be expensive and time-consuming for heirs. Here are some of the documents that typically make up an estate plan. Power of Attorney Gives someone of your choosing the authority to act on your behalf in legal and financial matters. A durable power of attorney designates someone to act on your behalf even in the event that you become disabled or incapacitated. A medical power of attorney gives someone the authority to make medical decisions for you if you are unable to make them yourself. Living Will Differs from a standard will in that it outlines which medical procedures you will allow in the event of a debilitating or chronic illness. It is often used to authorize termination of artificial life support in the event of terminal illness. Last Will and Testament Provides instructions detailing how you want your estate to be distributed. Trust Enables you to specify how and when assets in the trust should be distributed after your death. Assets in a trust may avoid probate and possibly estate taxes. A trust can also be used to provide for a dependent with special needs and to make a substantial contribution to your favorite charitable organization. Contracts The proceeds from life insurance policies, pensions, IRAs, and retirement plans will pass directly to the beneficiaries you have designated on the account beneficiary forms, superseding instructions in a will. These assets typically are not subject to probate. The use of trusts involves a complex web of tax rules and regulations.You should consider the counsel of an experienced estate planning professional and your legal and tax advisors before implementing such strategies.
- 24. Have you takenthe time to list and prioritize your financial objectives? If you start preparing today and resolve to stay focused on your goals, you might accomplish more than you ever imagined.