Downloaded 77 times
More Related Content
Fire prevention
- 1. FIRE PREVENTION ANDFIRE FIGHTING IN PLANTS/WORKING PLACES. PRESENTATION ON FIRE AWARENESS TRAINING BY KITIZA M.M KILIMANJARO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT [email protected]
- 2. INTRODUCTION -THE OBJECTIVES •To providea basic understanding of the science of fire •Have an understanding of Fire •Be able to reduce Fire risk at Work •Know what to do when the Fire Alarm sounds •Know what to do if you find a fire •Be able to correctly and safely select and use a fire extinguisher To provide the basic understanding of the roles and responsibilities of the fire warden/marshal at the workplace
- 3. Staff Training Each employeeis •Responsible in a fire emergency. •Supposed to be aware about building’s fire equipment. •Supposed to be aware about various fire signals means.
- 4. UNDERSTANDING FIRE - Whatis Fire? (Combustion) - Elements of Fire. - Classification of Fire. - The Methods of Extinction. - Causes of Fire. - Methods of Fire Spread. - Ignition Temperature.
- 5. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS -Whatis Portable Fire Extinguisher. -Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers and it’s use. -How to operate. - Procedures for Tackling Fire. - Health and Safety Implications.
- 6. FIRE WARDEN ANDRESPONSIBILITIES -Who is Fire warden? -General responsibilities of Fire warden. -Responsibilities of Fire warden in case of Fire. -Procedures to be followed by Fire warden while in smoke rooms.
- 7. FIRE RISK PREVENTIVEMEASURES - Fire Prevention. - Fire Protection. - Evacuation Procedures. - Assembly and Rendezvous Points.
- 8. PRACTICAL - Live Fire. -Evacuation Drill + Assembly Point. - Application Of Portable Fire Extinguishers.
- 9.
- 10. INTRODUCTION -The objective ofthis training is to enable you understand - What is fire and what causes of the fire - What to do in case of fire - What to do if you locate fire - Pro-active fire safety - Fire extinguisher awareness
- 11. FIRE; The dangerwhich never sleeps. The risk of loss of life, personal injury and destruction of large amount of valuable properties can be minimized or reduced if precautionary measures are taken to prevent its spreading if it has started.
- 12. What is Fireor Combustion? • Combustion is a self sustained chemical reaction accompanied by giving off heat and light.
- 13. UNDERSTANDING FIRE (COMBUSTION) Is achemical reaction where oxidation takes place and therefore during this process heat and light will appear or is a series of reactions accompanied by evolution of heat and light, and may be slow or rapid depending on the availing conditions.
- 14. COMPONENTS OF FIRE •In order for a fire to occur there must be the following components • Oxygen- which is 21% reach in air • Fuel – is anything which can burn • Heat – is the ignition temperature of substance • Self sustained chemical reaction (SSRC) • These components are described as the “Fire Tetrahedron”. The removal of one component will cause no combustion
- 15. Methods Of ExtinguishingFire The limitation of one or more components will cause the extinction of the fire. 1.Starvation – Limitation of or removal of fuel. 2. Smothering – Limitation or removal of oxygen. 3. Cooling – Limitation or removal of heat. *Disturbing the SSCR
- 16. CLASSFICATION OF FIRE Itis very important to know the type of fire you are fighting so as to use the right extinguishing appliance for the effectiveness extinction. There are four main classes of fire:-
- 17. CLASSES OF FIRES; Thereare four classes of fires; (i) Class A (ii) Class B (iii) Class C (iv) Class D
- 18. Class ‘A’ Fires •Fires involving combustible solid materials normally organic in nature such as grasses, clothes, wood, papers etc. • The effective extinguishing agent is water.
- 19. Class ‘B’ Fires •Fires involving flammable liquids-organic in nature- such as petrol, diesel, greases, kerosene, paraffin etc. • The extinguishing media is Foam, Carbon dioxide, Dry powder, Dry sand and Fire blanket for small fires especially in the home use or cookers.
- 20. Class ‘C’ Fires •Fires involves gases materials such as Acetylene, methane, butane, natural gases etc. Also electrical equipments • The effective extinguishing media is Carbon dioxide and Dry Chemical Powder.
- 21. Class ‘D’ Fires •Combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, sodium, potassium, lithium, zirconium., etc. • The effective fighting media is Dry Chemical Powder. Do not use water.
- 22. Note • There isno electrical fire in the world but electrical fault can cause fire. Therefore when fighting fire we normally consider the material that is burning and normally can be found in either class A,B,C or D. The foremost procedure is to switch off electricity and fight fire according to the class.
- 23. CAUSES OF FIRE HUMANBEING- causes fire through the following aspects;- 1.carelessness: smoking in the prohibited areas such as petrol stations. 2.Ignorance: burning rubbish/debris during farm preparation, poor storage of reactive chemicals. 3.Malicious or sabotage: this is done for the purpose of destroying documentary evidence of the lost items or making revenge due to the jealousness, etc
- 24. CAUSES OF FIRE Humancauses of fire: - Local over heating by over loading of extension cable and incorrect of fuse fitting. - Unattended fire - Appliances left on Cookers/Irons - Aerosols and flammable liquids - Careless handling - Arson Such as making revenge. - Playing with fire - Misuse of appliance. - Ignorance Such as Chip pans, Burning Rubbish, Debris during farm preparation, Poor Storage of Reactive Chemicals and Flammable Liquids.
- 25. CAUSES OF FIRE •ACCIDENTS: This mostly occurs in motor vehicles, machines, etc
- 26. CAUSES OF FIRE •ELECRICITY: In a certain circumstance electricity can cause fire through electrical faults such as poor wiring, overloading of the extension cable etc. But there is no electric fire
- 27. CAUSES OF FIRE Electricalcauses of fire; - Broken causes - Dirty insulators - Loose flexible wiring - Perishable or damaged insulation or wiring. -Bad connection e.g. Switches or Junction boxes - Over loading circuits e.g. Several appliances on socket outlet. - Incorrect fusing - Current traveling via gas pope. - Earth connection should be clean - Sparking
- 28. CAUSES OF FIRE •SPONTENEOUS: Some times combustion can occur due to higher temperatures in relation to the rate of combustibility/ flammability of the burning material or fuel e.g. Sawdust, volcano, earthquake etc. A good example here is fires that normally occur in damping areas or poor storage of materials
- 29. METHODS OF FIRESPREAD: Heat travels from high to low temperature as water does for example heat can be transmitted using three methods: That is (i) Conduction. (ii) Convection. (iii) Radiation.
- 30. CONDUCTION; Is the transmissionof heat without molecules and takes place in solids, the ability to conduct heat (thermal conductivity) varies between materials. The best conductors of heat are silver and copper.
- 31. CONVECTION; Is the transmissionof heat by actual motion of heated particles and takes in either liquids or gases, when heated expands and is transferred from the original sources to higher place.
- 32. RADIATION; Is the transmissionof heat from one body to another by heat rays eventually air heated and reaches the other object resulting is an increase in temperature.
- 33. IGNITION TEMPERATURE; Is theminimum temperature at which a substance whether solid, liquid or gaseous must be heated before combustion can be expected to occur.
- 34. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS •Portable fire extinguishers are ‘First Aid Fire Appliances’ (or FAFA) used in the incipient stage of fire. The extinguishers contain the extinguishing media which is expelled by the internal pressure.
- 35. Marking Of Extinguishers Standardspecification is clearly marked with the following information. 1. Methods of operation. 2. Description of content. 3. Year of manufacturer. 4. Test pressure. 5. British standard number. 6. Code color of the extinguisher.
- 36. TYPE OF PORTABLEFIRE EXTINGUISHERS. THERE ARE FOUR MAIN TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
- 37. Water Type It containswater •Red body •Suitable for use on Class A Fires, wood and paper etc. •Not suitable for combustible liquids, cooking fats etc. •Not safe to use on fires involving electricity. •Extinguishes by cooling.
- 38. Foam type It containsfoam solution •Cream body (Old type) or Red Body with Cream label. •Suitable for Class A and B Fires. •Not suitable for use on fires involving electricity. •Extinguishes by cooling and sealing the surface of a burning liquid.
- 39. Carbon dioxide type Itcontains CO2 •Black body (Old type) or red body with black label (New type). •Best on Class B and C fires but safe to use on any type of fire. •Safe to use on fires involving electricity •Extinguishes by reducing oxygen levels and cooling.
- 40. Dry Chemical Powder Containsdry powder agent. •Blue body (Old type) or Red body with blue label. •Best on Class B fires but safe to use on any class of fire- A, C, D. •Works by chemically interfering with the combustion reaction.
- 41. HOW TO USEA PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS; (i) Remove the portable fire extinguisher from wall bracket. (ii) Pull out the safety pin. (iii) Press the handles properly. (iv) Test it before. (v) Direct the stream to the base of the fire by sweep side to side. Cut the seal, Pull the pin.
- 42. HEALTH AND SAFETYIMPLICATIONS When using fire extinguishers (hand operated), always note the following hazards: - Electrocution: Water/Foam extinguishers are good conductors of electricity. Inhalation of dry chemical powder can cause respiratory problems. Frost bite – Caused by CO2 so when operating CO2 be careful do not touch the handle (metallic handle) Noise, CO2 is too noisy. You must know means of escape. Impaired vision e.g. Dry Chemical Powder.
- 43. Checking and Testing: Fireextinguishers should be checked and serviced by competent persons once or twice a year or after use.
- 45. DISCOVERING A FIRE Firecan be discovered through smelling, seeing or hearing. Remain calm and take action of fighting fire by the right appliance. Panic will affect your ability to act effectively against the fire and may also frighten others unnecessarily.
- 46. Fire Fighting Procedure– Finding a Fire • Sound the fire alarm. • Fight the fire if you are competent and you consider it safe to do so. • Evacuate as per normal fire procedure. • Inform the Fire Warden.
- 47. Fire Fighting Procedure- Fire Alarm • Leave the building immediately • Use the nearest exit. • Walk quickly but don’t run, close doors behind you. • Do not delay your exit to collect your belongings. • Attend the Fire Assembly Point and report to the Fire Warden. • Do not return until told to do so.
- 48. POINTS TO BENOTED DURING EVACUATION a) During evacuation DO NOT USE LIFT as you may be trapped if the electrical power fails. b) Assist people who are not familiar with the building. The first priority should be given to the disabled. c) Close but do not lock the doors and windows. This will help to stop the spread of the fire smoke and heat. d) Go immediately to the fire assembly point. Report any person missing or trapped in the building. e) Do not re enter the building unless fire brigade says that it is safe to do so.
- 49. Fighting a Fire- Do not fight the fire if : - • It is bigger than a waste paper bin. • One extinguisher is not enough. • Smoke is affecting your breathing. • You cannot see the way out. • Gas cylinders or chemicals are involved. • Your efforts are not reducing the size of the fire.
- 50. POINTS TO BENOTED WHEN TACLING FIRE a) Only tackle a fire with the right FAFA in its early stage, in case of doubt get out. b) Raise an alarm either by shouting FIRE,FIRE, FIRE, or activating fire alarm system if available. c) Always put yourself and others safe first. Smoke kills if you are in doubt get out. d) Never let a fire get between you and your way out e) Call the emergency service immediately.
- 51. CALLING FIRE BRIGADE-114 a) When you contact the emergency service try to be brief and straight to the point as follows; b) Tell exactly what is happening c) The location and address of the place d) Tell Which part of the building is affected e) Tell whether any one is injured or trapped f) What action has been taken so far g) Details of the main access points.
- 52. EVACUATION PROCEDURES When facedwith the first stage of fire it necessary to know what to do for the best, the following processes are very important.
- 53. POINTS TO BENOTED DURING EVACUATION a) During evacuation DO NOT USE LIFT as you may be trapped if the electrical power fails. b) Assist people who are not familiar with the building. The first priority should be given to the disabled. c) Close but do not lock the doors and windows. This will help to stop the spread of the fire smoke and heat. d) Go immediately to the fire assembly point. Report any person missing or trapped in the building. e) Do not re enter the building unless fire brigade says that it is safe to do so.
- 54. FIRE SAFETY ATHOME a) Decide who will tackle the fire, only if it is safe to do so b) Do not leave electrical appliances switched on or plugged when not in use. c) Keep portable heater away from furnitures and furnishers. d) Never smoke in bed e) Keep matches and lighters out of reach of children.
- 55. EVACUATION PLAN ATWORKPLACE AND HOME Drawup an evacuation plan at workplace and home so as to minimize the fire risk through a)Construction of escape routs, and ensuring every one knows the best way out for them. b)The occupants must stop and drop down and roll if their clothes catch up fire. c)Practice evacuation regularly, every one has to know how to evacuate the building during the fire outbreak.
- 56. FIRE PREVENTION ANDPROTECTION Fire prevention and control are the most important non fire fighting techniques performed by the Fire Service. Fire prevention inspection practices are less expensive but more effective medium for accomplishing fighting objectives.
- 57. FIRE PREVENTION It isa step measure taken to stop the risk of the fire from taking place through considering the following procedures; a) Educating people on the concept of fire b) Sitting non smoking signs to all the dangerous areas such as in the petrol stations/tank farms c) The provision of metal dust buns and ash trays in the offices d) Good house keeping e) Installation of the fire extinguishers such as portable fire extinguishers, hose reels, hydrants. f) The installation of fire alarms g) The installation of automatic fire detection and suppression system such as automatic sprinkler systems, smoke detectors, heat detectors etc. h) To educate people on how to call fire brigade i) making regularly fire prevention inspection of the installed fire extinguishers to make sure that they are always in use or good order.
- 58. FIRE PROTECTION Is allmeasures taken to reduce or minimize the fire destruction by extinguishing the fire immediately, it can be achieved through the following; a)Making the use of the installed fire extinguishers b)Taking immediate action of calling fire service through emergence No. 114 c)Evacuation from the fire site or building
- 59. People to worryabout when carrying out Fire Risk Assessment. The following people should be considered as being at risk in the event of fire: •Employees and customers. •Employees and customers whose mobility, sight, or hearing might be impaired. • Employees and customers with learning difficulties or mental illness. •Visitors and members of the public.
- 60. Fire Warden/ FireMarshal Who is the fire wardens Fire wardens is an officer/person who is responsible for fire control Fire wardens play an important role in ensuring a business is prepared for a fire emergency. •Along with the emergency plan, fire wardens are an important risk control measure to ensure that a workplace is prepared should an emergency situation, potentially a fire, occur.
- 61. Fire Warden Key dutiesof fire wardens •To assist in implementing and improving effective emergency procedures in the workplace; •To help prevent emergencies by monitoring the adequacy of the fire risk control measures; •To raise awareness with other staff about the fire hazards that exist in your workplace; •To instruct workers in how to respond in an emergency;
- 62. Key Duties OfFire Wardens • To lead the fire drills and real evacuation procedures – they must be familiar with all escape routes and exits from their designated area; • To ensure all workers are accounted for during an evacuation; and • To assist all people in the workplace should an emergency occur, including assisting people with special needs, e.g. helping someone in a wheelchair to evacuate.
- 63. Key Duties OfFire Wardens To assist in the safe evacuation of workers and visitors from your workplace immediately, and to ensure that their designated area has been cleared. To check that final exit doors are not obstructed Check on a regular basis that fire exits are clear at all times During an evacuation, fire wardens need to: Direct everyone to leave the building using all the appropriate routes and exits Check all accessible spaces in their area, latrines, to make sure everyone has evacuated – This should be done on the way out of the building so that the fire warden isn’t putting themselves at risk by re-entering the evacuated area;
- 64. Key Duties OfFire Wardens close the doors to help to isolate the fire guide everyone to the assembly area and assist in checking that everyone has arrived safely. The fire warden should normally be the last person off their floor. To take part in any post-alarm de-briefing.
- 65. TOP TIPS 1. Makeregular checks to identify fire hazards. 2. Look out for anything unusual, e.g. blackening of plugs. 3. Do not overload electrical sockets. 4. Undertake regular maintenance of equipment. 5. Be “Fire Aware”. 6. Train staff to be “Fire Aware”. - END -
- 66. This process fallsunder three categories: (i) Flash point (ii) Fire point (iii) Spontaneous Ignition Temperature.
- 67. FLASH POINT; Is thelowest temperature at which fuel will flash but only when flame of high energy sparks are applied. FIRE POINT; Is the lowest temperature at which fuel will ignite when is applied and continue burning to sustain combustion.
- 68. SPONTANEOUS IGNITION TEMPERATURE (COMBUSTION); Isthe reaction in which heat and light are evolved without any heat haring supplied to the reacting substance from any extra source.
- 69. PROCEDURES FOR TACKLINGFIRE: >Raise an alarm first i.e. Fire, Fire, Fire, (Shout) >Ask yourself the following ques >Is it safe to tackle? >Where is the exit route to safety? >What is the current type of extinguisher? >Remember “TEST IT” before committing yourself. >Where is the safe position from which to fight fire >Do not be too close to the fire >Is the fire growing?
- 70. NOTE: USE ALLOF YOUR SENSE, BE ALERT FOR CHANGES.
- 71. HEALTH AND SAFETYIMPLICATIONS: When using fire extinguishers (hand operated) always note the following hazards; - Electrocution water/ Foam extinguisher - Inhalation of Dry Chemical Powder can cause respiratory problems - Frostbite CO2 - Inhalation of Smoke and Toxic gases - No protection offered - You must know means of escape - Failure rate - Weight - Noise CO2 -Impaired vision e.g. Dry Chemical Powder and smoke.
- 72. GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES OFFIRE WARDEN: -Knowing the area of responsibilities -Knowing the building e.g. All means of escape, doors, staircases, fire button, fire alarm panel etc. -Be recognizable -Close all doors/ windows on way out ONLY if safe to do so -Knowing the procedures for disabled persons -Informing colleagues if you are away e.g. Meeting or public holiday.
- 73. 4. FIRE WARDENINGAND RESPONSIBILITIES FIRE WARDEN Is an appointed person who takes care and safes guard other person’s lives (i.e. by carrying all necessary evacuation procedures) and their properties (by extinguishing fire if possible to do that)
- 74. RESPONSIBILITIES OF FIREWARDEN INCASE OF FIRE: -To clear the building of member of staffs. -To ensure everyone reports to -predetermined assembly point -To conduct a roll call -To reports finding to the immediate superior -To ensure nobody re-enters the building -Fight fire per available fire fighting equipment
- 75. - Call firebrigade – DSM 2151885-7/ 114 - Give the operator your telephone number and ask for the “FIRE BRIGADE”. When the Fire Brigade replies give the correct address and information. FIRE AT …………………………………. - Do not assume that the call has been received until the fire brigade has acknowledge it. -Stop re-fueling - All vehicles should be removed from the area - Leave the main gate open for emergency services e.g. fire engine, ambulance e.t.c - Inform the fire situation to the first fire officer to arrive.
- 76. PROCEDURES TO BEFOLLOWED BY FIRE WARDEN WHILE IN SMOKE ROOMS: -Always keep low (i.e. to the ground that’s where oxygen) -Do not walk straight, always craw / or keep low down -Open windows or door to ventilate smoke if there are possibilities of doing so.
- 77. FIRE RISK PREVENTIVEMEASURES: FIRE PREVENTION: The subject fire prevention entails second knowledge of building process and the hazards involved, so arrangements should be made to ensure that in any section within the building work is carried out in a safest manner.
- 78. (i) The practiceof fire prevention. Is directed to preventing fire start such as no smoking signs. Good and orderly arrangement of goods to avoid spontaneous ignition. (ii) Preventing fire Spread Well arranged goods provide space between goods, fire Segregated walls where applicable (firewalls) do preventive measures against easily spread of fire.
- 79. (iii) House keeping Isa phrase used in fire prevention, which means simply cleanliness and tidiness and proper arrangements of articles and regular checks, it has to be is carried out at every working place. Therefore ; Fire prevention is a term indicates measures specifically directed towards the inception of fire.
- 80. FIRE PROTECTION: Is theinstallation of fire equipment inside and outside the building, not only that but also to protect the building from many other risk against extensive damage resulting from an outbreak of fires. The aim is to protect people and properties also to ensure the continuity of operation.
- 81. I. Hand appliances; -Extinguishers - Buckets of sands - Hand pumps
- 82. II. Fixed InstallationSystem; Is divided into four groups, it is called a system because is the combination of more than one equipment.
- 83. A. Detection System; Isthe earliest stage which is used to detect the fire. B. Fire Alarming System Is used to alert during the danger condition especially fire. It can be either automatic or manual.
- 84. C. Extinguishing System; Isthe system which is used to extinguish the fire. There are two types of extinguishing system; (i) Extinguishing system which is using water (a). Hose reels system. This is a system which posses hose drum, hose tubing and booster pump, must be connected with permanent water from galvanized pipe normally 19mm and 30 m length (b). Raising main -Dry riser (the building of 18m – 60m)
- 85. - Wet riser(the buildings of 61m and above) (c) External private hydrants, is shown by a post sign plates as F.H or H (d) Automatic Sprinkler System The system posses the sprinkler head, permanent water to the system, also act as a detector. This is special fitting which discharges water in the form of fine spray. - It detect fire 68 c - It covers 9m2 or 7m2 - When it is 68 c the bulb burst and the head releases water
- 86. - Gives information -Prevents Spread of fire. D. Water Projector Spray System This system is used in electrical installation to protect a transformer as a cooling system. It gives out fog and act as a coolant agent in a transformer farm. (ii) Extinguishing system which is not using water (a) Dry Chemical Powder Extinguishing System (b) Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing System
- 87. E. Venting System; Isthe system that used to remove the smoke, toxic airborne gases from the structure and replace the fresh air. Venting system is divided into two groups as follows; (i) Horizontal Ventilation (ii) Vertical Ventilation
- 88. There are fivephases of fire growth which are; (i) Ignition phase ( earliest stage of fire) (ii) Growth phase (iii) Flashover (iii) Fully developed phase (iv) Decay phase
- 89. Radiation detector; It detectsthe fire after the rise of the fire flame and the rays try to heat the different structures.
- 90. EVACUATION PROCEDURES: Is aremoval of people from an area of danger in an orderly manner thus to prevent confusion and panic. During these procedures, the risk of injuries should be discouraged or minimized by following the required instruction such as signs of emergency ,exit route, assembly point and fire fighting. Also emergency evacuation and assembly drills should be conducted after every three months as a matter of routine. This can include announced and unannounced drills.
- 91. During the evacuationdrills the assessment is made on; (i) Fire alarm effectiveness (ii)Timelines of notification (iii)The fire team’s performance with established fire procedures (iv) Safe evacuation and assembly
- 92. ASSEMBLY POINT FOREVACUATION. Is a safe selected area for workers (staff) to run and assemble in case of fire (Roll Call)? This area should be pre- determined by the staff. If one of the staff is not seen during the roll call then the firefighters or the team on site is responsible. In conducting drills, emphasis shall be placed on orderly evacuation rather than on speed. Drill participants shall assemble to a predetermined location and remain at such location until a roll call or dismissal signal is given.
- 93. RENDERVOUS POINT FOREVACUATION. This is a meeting point for first responders such as fire engines, ambulance, and mobile e.t.c. Also this area should be predetermined but can be changed due to wind direction and fire situation just in case. (c) PRACTICAL LIVE FIRE Hot fire drill should be conducted by using used tires and other available materials.
- 94. EVACUATION DRILL ANDASSEMBLY POINT. Ensuring the staffs are informed on what is going on and assuming the fire is located somewhere. Therefore evacuation procedures are to be followed rather than rushing randomly to the predetermined assembly point.
- 95. APPLICATION OF PORTABLEFIRE EXTINGUISHER. The fire team is to practice and prove the efficiency of different types of portable fire extinguishers, procedure of handling them and tackling fire is a priority.
- 96.
- 97. Thank you forbeing attentive!