Fire safety

FUEL
Fuel is substance or material that will
combine with oxygen in the presence of
heat and burn as a result
Source :gases/liquid/gas
Compound: Hydrogen and Carbon (can
oxidized)
Must mix with air in order to burn

HEAT
Absorbed by substance when it is
converted from a solid to a liquid, from
liquid to gas
The source of heat : overhead electrical
wiring, boiler, chimney, open flame,
electrical heater, hotplate etc.
Most substance will burn only after the
solid/liquid fuel has been vaporized or
decomposed by heat to produce gas

OXYGEN
Oxygen is odorless, tasteless and
colorless gas
Air contain 21% oxygen, a fire require
16% to burn
It is most difficult element to control in
order to prevent fire.

CLASS A
Class A –
Ordinary Combustible Solids
- Fire that caused by solid,
combustible material

- Example:
- Wood, paper, cloth, plastic, rubber

CLASS B
Class B – Flammable &
Combustible Liquids
 Fire that is cause by
flammable liquid or liquefiable solid or
combustible gasses

- Example:
- Petrol, oil, kerosene, thinner,
alcohol

CLASS C
Class C – Flammable Gases

 Fire that cause by energized
electrical, or chemical, equipment or
gases/ liquefiable gases resulted by
spillage/ leakage

- Example:
- LPG, Gas Butane, Methane, Hydrogen

CLASS D
Class D – Combustible Metals

Fire which cause by combustible,
extinguishing metal

- Example:
- Magnesium, Aluminium,Sodium

CLASS E
Class E – Electrical Fires

 Fire which cause by electrical
material, electrical device, short
circuit

- Example:
- Plug, Computer, Switchboard

CLASS F
Class F – Cooking Oils and Fats

 Fire cause by cooking activity

- Example:
- Cooking Oil,Fat

INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY
PLAN
Must include:
1. Identification of the significant fire
hazard

2. Procedures for recognizing and reporting
unsafe conditions

3. Alarm procedures

PLAN
Must include:
4. Procedures for notifying employees of a
fire emergency

5. Procedures for notifying fire response
organizations of a fire emergency

6. Procedures for evacuation

PLAN
Must include:
7. Procedures to account for all employees
after an evacuation

8. Names, job titles, or departments for
individuals who can be contacted for
further information about the plan.

EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES
1. The employer must review the plan with
each employee at the following times :

I) Upon initial assignment for new
employees; and

II) When the actions the employee
must take under the plan change
because of a change in duties or a
change in the plan

EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES
2. Keep the plan accessible to employees,
employee representatives, and OSHA

3. Review and update the plan whenever
necessary. Employees have been informed
about the plan as required

4. Ensure any outside fire response organization
that the employer expects to respond to fires at
the employer's worksite has been given a copy
of the current plan.

METHOD
The methods used to extinguish a fire, once
started, fall into two classes:

1. deprive the fire of oxygen and

2. cool the fire below the ignition temperature

3. Most fire extinguishers operate by excluding
oxygen from the site of combustion

CONTAIN OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
1. Portable fire extinguishers contain CO2

2. dry chemical extinguishers contain
nitrogen

3. water and foam extinguishers typically
use air

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

A small, disposable sodium
bicarbonate dry chemical unit intended
for home kitchen use

A typical dry chemical extinguisher
containing 5 lbs. of ammonium
phosphate dry chemical.

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

A 20lb.U.S.Navy cartridge-operated
purple-K dry chemical (potassium
bicarbonate) extinguisher

TYPES OF DRY CHEMICAL
Powder

Powder based agent that extinguishes by
separating the four parts of the fire
tetrahedron.

Itprevents the chemical reaction between
heat, fuel and oxygen and halts the
production of fire sustaining "free-
radicals", thus extinguishing the fire.

Foam

Foams are sprayed on fires to exclude air.
The foam is generated in the extinguisher
using water and a foaming agent.

The most type in portable foam
extinguisher is aqueous film forming
foam.

Water

Airpressurized water cool burning
material by absorbing heat. (cool burning
material)

Water Mist uses a fine misting nozzle to
break up a stream of deionized water to
the point of not conducting electricity back
to the operator

TYPES OF WET CHEMICAL
Antifreeze Chemicals added to water to
lower its freezing point to about −40 °F.
Has no appreciable effect on extinguishing
performance.

Wet Chemical (potassium acetate,
carbonate, or citrate) extinguishes the fire
by forming a soapy foam blanket over the
burning oil and by cooling the oil below its
ignition temperature.

CO2 AND CLEAN AGENT
Such extinguishers spray a cloud of CO2
particles, which convert to gas and
blanket the area, excluding oxygen

Other systems to exclude oxygen use
nitrogen gas or Freon.

CO2, a clean gaseous agent which
displaces oxygen. the high-pressure cloud
of gas can scatter burning materials

STEP TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
1. Pull the Pin at the top of the extinguisher

2. Aim at the base of the fire

3. Squeeze the lever slowly

4. Sweep from side to side

5.Call 999 (if required)

CLASS A
Method to extinguishing fire are using :

1.Water

2.Dry chemical

3.Carbon dioxide

CLASS B
Method to extinguishing fire are :

1.foam, dry chemical

2. carbon dioxide

3. Powder

4.Water Spray/Light Water/Vaporizing Liquid

5.Use foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder

CLASS C

1.Carbon dioxide, dry powder, carbon
dioxide agent

2. foam, dry powder in

CLASS D,E,F

Class D - Use heat absorbing medium that
are reactive with the burning metal

Class E -Dry Chemical and carbon dioxide

Class F – Wet Chemical and carbon dioxide

PREVENTION METHODS
1.Provide adequate fire appliances, fire
hydrants & other facilities to assist fire &
rescue personnel

2. Provide adequate fixed installation,
where appropriate, for quick & effective
detection & extinguishment of fires

PREVENTION METHODS
3. Designing & installing building services
so that they do no assist the spread
of fire, smoke or toxic fumes

4. Designing & providing adequate and
safe escape routes for the occupants
of the building

PREVENTION METHODS
5. Selecting materials for the construction
which will not promote the rapid spread of
fire or generate dangerous smoke

6. Subdividing buildings into compartments
of reasonable sizes by means of fire
resisting walls & floors, providing fire
stops to protect openings between floors
& compartments

PREVENTION METHODS
7. Designing & constructing the exterior of
a building so that fire is unlikely to spread
to it from another burning building

CAUSE & ACTIVITY

Cause:
Smoking

Activity:

1.Prohibit smoking in all area
2.Clearly marked smoking area and display
sign
3. Proper handling and disposal match

CAUSE & ACTIVITY

Cause:
Equipment

Activity:

 Equipment should be selected to fit the need of
job.
 2.Equipment approved by government standard
 3.provision for safe storage and handling fuel.
Provision for safe disposal for all waste
 Training for personal

CAUSE & ACTIVITY

Cause:
Documentation

Activity:

prepare standard operating procedure
(SOP)

CAUSE & ACTIVITY

Cause:
Housekeeping

Activity:

1.provide good housekeeping program
2. Minimize accumulation of waste
3.Provide safe container for all flammable
and combustion substance

CAUSE & ACTIVITY
Cause:
Chemical Flammable Liquid

Activity:

1.avoid use highly flammable liquid
2. All flammable liquid kept in closed safety container
3.limit the supply of flammable liquid
4.provide SOP for all hazardous and critical process
5.Provide adequate ventilation
6.Safety disposal of flammable liquid
7.Provide substance for cleaning spillage/leakages
8.Prohibit smoking

CAUSE & ACTIVITY

Cause:
Structural Design and fire extinguisher

Activity:

1. use incombustible roof, sparks arrester,
insulator of combustible
2.Provide housekeeping to avoid accumulation of
fuel
3.Provide fire extinguisher
4.Provide periodic maintenance
5.Provide SOP

CAUSE & ACTIVITY

Cause:
Source of Ignition

Activity:

1.must have proper lubrication and
maintenance for friction of machine
2.hot surface must be cooled down
3.Electrical arcing must be monitor and check

CAUSE & ACTIVITY

Cause:
Fuel

Activity:
1. Amount of fuel should be kept to
minimum
2.Constant monitoring

SMOKE DETECTOR

 Function: to warn occupants of a fire in time
for them to leave the building and seek safety
away from the burning structure.
 Benefit : you will receive warning in the event
of a fire
 Type:
1. ion smoke detector -uses a radioactive source
to detect smoke.
2. use a radioactive source to create an electrical
circuit. Breaking the circuit causes the alarm to
go off

HEAT DETECTOR

Photoelectric cell detected the emission of
infrared/uv radiation from the fire
The radiation produces an electrical
current.
Tiny amounts of smoke, even if invisible,
disrupt the production of the current,
setting off the alarm. Thus, detectors
using this system respond quickly, even to
fires that do not produce much smoke.

FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTOR

Function: used to give early warning of
leaks from plant containing flammable
gases or vapors, or for monitoring
concentrations of such gases and vapors
within plant
Benefit: useful where there is the
possibility of a leak
If a specified gas concentration or set
point is exceeded, the detector system
should trigger an alarm.

HUMAN DETECTOR
Through surveillance, inspection,
rounding, patrol serves as early as fire
detection system

Incase of the fire, the number to call is
999, it is recommended to have the
number of the Jabatan Bomba

ALARM SYSTEM
An automatic fire alarm system is
designed to detect the unwanted presence
of fire by monitoring environmental
changes associated with combustion

A fire alarm system will indicate a FIRE
EMERGENCY requiring immediate action.
The system shall alert all occupants of a
building where it is installed when a fire
emergency is present.

SPRINKLER
The use of sprinkle is to:
a.To detect, control and extinguish a fire

b. To warn the occupants of the occurrence
of fire

HOSE REEL SYSTEM
intended for the occupant to use during
the early stages of fire
Hose reel:
a. 30mcoverage of each hose reel
b. One hose reel for every 800sq.mof
usable floor space
c. Located along escape routes or besides
exit doors or staircase

Fire safety

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