Fire Safety and Building Materials

GROUP 3:
Part 4- Fire and life safety
Part 5- Building materials
 Giridhar Reddy
 Raviteja
 Shiva
 Sorab Kumar
 Srikanth Reddy
 Veena

FIRE AND LIFE
SAFETY
 This part covers the requirements for fire
prevention , life safety in relation to fire and fire
protection of buildings.
 Provisions:
1.For all high rise buildings.
2.For special buildings like hotels, residential
buildings, educational
buildings, institutional buildings, assembly
buildings.
3.Buildings with basements or more.
 Terminology:
a. Assisted evacuation.

b. Atrium.
c. Authorities concerned.
d. Authomatic fire detection and alarm system.
e. Building’s height.
f. Combustible material.
g. Emergency lighting.
h. Exit.
Water based systems:
a. Hydrant system.
b. Automatic sprinkler system.
c. Automatic water spray system.
d. Wet riser.

Fire prevention:
a. Minor occupancy.
b. Mixed occupancy.
c. Group B Educational Building.
d. Group C Institutional Building.
e. Group D Assembly Buildings.
f. Group E Business Buildings.

General Exit Requirements
 An exit may be a fire exit doorway; an internal
staircase, exit passageway, external doorway,
external staircase and these having access to the
street or to a Veranda or to a refuge area or to the
terrace or roof of a building.
 Unless otherwise specified, lifts, escalators,
moving walks and revolving doors shall not be
considered as exits

 Doors in exits shall open in the direction of exit.
 In case of assembly buildings (Group D) and
institutional buildings (Group C-1), exit door shall
not open immediately upon a flight of stair and all
such entries to the stair shall be through a
landing, so that such doors do not impede
movement of people descending from a higher
floor when fully opened

 all the exits and exit passageways to exit discharge
shall have a clear ceiling height of at least 2.4 m.
 However, the height of exit door shall be at least
2.0m.
 Walking surfaces in exit access shall comply with the
following requirements for smooth exit:
 a) Walking surfaces shall be nominally level.
 b) The slope of walking surface in the direction of
travel shall not exceed 1 in 20 unless the ramp
requirements are met
 C) Walking surfaces shall be slip-resistant along the
entire path of travel.

Occupant Load
 For determining the exits required, the number of
persons within any floor area or occupant load is
determined as actual number of occupants

Egress Components
 Egress components to be considered are the number
of exits to which access is provided, capacity of exit
access, travel distance to an exit, the obviousness of
the direction to an exit, and any hindrance including
due to security issues involved.
 Exit Access
 a) A common path of travel is desirable in exit access
which leads to two independent directions to
separate exits.
 b) Capacity of exit access . The width of corridors,
aisles or ramps required for exit access shall be
sufficient to ensure a smooth flow of occupants to the
exit
 c) Properly lit
 d) No obstruction

Exits
 Number of exits The minimum required number
of exits in a building shall be determined based
on occupant load and width required per
person

Staircases
 Min width of tread 250 mm for staircase of residential
buildings. This shall be minimum 300 mm for assembly,
hotels, educational, institutional, business and other
buildings. The treads shall be constructed and
maintained in a manner to prevent slipping. The
maximum height of riser shall be 190 mm for staircase of
residential buildings (A-2) and 150 mm for other
buildings. The number of risers shall be limited to 12 per
flight.
 Residential (A-2) : 1.00 m
 Residential (A-1, A-3 and : 1.25 m
 Residential hotel (A-5 and : 1.50 m
 Assembly : 2.00 m
 Educational : 1.50 m
 Institutional : 2.00 m

 A handrail shall be provided on one side of the
staircase of width less than 1 500 mm, and on both
sides of the staircase of width 1 500 mm and
more.
 No external staircase, shall be inclined at an angle
greater than 45° from the horizontal.
 The slope of a ramp shall not exceed 1 in 12 (8
percent).
 Ramp(s) shall be surfaced with approved slip
resistant materials that are securely attached.
 No perforations are permissible on ramp floors.
 Any changes in travel direction in ramp shall be
preceded by landings of 1.5 m × 1.5 m size.

FIRE PROTECTION
 All buildings depending upon the occupancy
use shall be protected by fire extinguishers
 Hose reels.
 Manual /automatic alarm system

FIRE PROTECTION
 Wet riser, yard hydrants,
 Automatic Sprinkler installation,
 Deluge system,
 High/medium velocity water spray,
 foam, water mist systems, gaseous

• The extinguishers shall be mounted at
a convenient height to enable its
quick access and efficient use by all .
• First-aid firefighting appliances shall
be
provided and installed in accordance
with
good practice
•first-aid hose reels

• Wet risers shall be interconnected at
terrace without affecting rest of the
system.
• Static storage tank with
capacity•Fire fighting pump house

•Fire fighting pump
house
• Automatic Sprinkler.
• Deluge system,
• High/medium velocity
water spray

A Dry Riser is a system of
valves and pipe work which
enables the Fire Service to
pump water on to the upper
floors of a building. A Wet
Riser is a system of valves
and pipe work which are
kept permanently charged
with water.

ALLOWABLE PIPE
SIZE, CLASS AND MATERIALS
FOR WATER MAINS

Residential Buildings (Group A)
 Subdivision A.1-At least one direct exit
discharge arranged.
 Subdivision A.2- All sleeping rooms distinct
exit access in different directions.
 Subdivision A.3- Staircases may not require
the provision of fire door should be provided for
all other
 staircases and pressurized staircases.

Educational Buildings (Group B)
 Every room with a capacity of over 45
persons in area shall have at least two doorways.
Exit doors shall be operated by panic bars except
that doors leading from classrooms directly to the
outside may be equipped with the same type of
lock as is used on classroom doors leading to
corridor

Institutional Buildings (Group C)
 No combustible material of any kind shall be
stored or used
 The common path of travel shall be 30 m.
 horizontal evacuation consideration for hospital
patients
 Doors in fire resistant walls shall be so
installed that these may normally be kept in open
position, but will close automatically.

Assembly Buildings (Group D)
 Decorations of places of assembly shall be of
non-flammable materials
 Exit door width for assembly buildings shall not
be less than 2.0 m.
 Every place of assembly of subdivision D1 shall
have at least four separate exits.

Business Buildings (Group E)
 Not less than two exits shall be provided for every
floor
 automatic fire detection alarm system, while for
fire protection.

Industrial Buildings (Group F)
•Fire separating walls shall be
provided between two
buildings or between two
blocks inside a building,
•Above the roof, known as screen wall.
shall
be of such a height (in no case less than
600mm)

Storage Buildings (Group G)
 Have an exit within 22.5 m of any point in the
area where persons may be present or 35 m
where automatic sprinkler protection is provided.

 Annexure is a term substituted in some legal
documents for Appendix.
 It is also called as Supplement.

Annex A
Calorific Values: It is the amount of heat
released during the combustion of a specified
amount of it.
 It is measured in (×1000 kJ/kg)
Wood Equivalent: It is the theoretical
moisture content value that would be attained by
a piece of wood in moisture equilibrium with the
material under investigation at the point of
measurement.
 It is measured in Kg/Kg

CALORIFIC VALUES OF COMMON
MATERIALS

Annex B
Light Hazard
Moderate Hazard
High Hazard

BROAD CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCIES
INTO DIFFERENT DEGREE OF HAZARD

Annex C
 We are going to see how many minutes a material can
resist a fire at different thicknesses.

AVAILABLE DATA REGARDING FIRE RESISTANCE
RATING OF VARIOUS BUILDING COMPONENTS

Annex D
 Guidelines for fire drill and evacuation procedures for
HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
Alarms
Drills
Signs
and
Plans
Fire
Safety
Plan
Fire
Safety
Plan
Format

IF YOU DISCOVER A FIRE
1) Break the glass of the nearest push button fire alarm and
push the button.
2) Attack the fire with extinguishers provided on
your floor. Take guidance from your Wardens.
3) Evacuate, if your Warden asks you to do so.

Annex E
 Additional requirements for high rise buildings

ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
ADDITIONAL
REQUIREMEN
TS
Evacuatio
n Strategy
Horizontal
Exits/Refuge
Area
Fire and
Life
Safety
Audit
Helipad

Annex F
 In architecture, an atrium
 It is a large open air or skylight covered space
surrounded by a building

G.COMMERCIAL KITCHENS
 Electricity, gas and in some cases solid fuels such as
wood or charcoal are the energy sources used to
power a commercial kitchen.
 The potential hazards posed by the commercial
cooking facilities are as follows:
 a) On cooking appliances using oil as fuel .
 b) Full grease residues trapped in the hoods due to
non-cleaning of filters and dusts periodically and
exhaust ventilation system can ignite through
overheated air flues or open flames.
 c) Faulty electrical equipment and electrical
installation are more likely to spark, and failure of
thermostat and safety switches that may lead to
overheat and consequent fire.
 d) Flammable materials in the vicinity of open flames
or heat sources

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
 A kitchen fire suppression system needs to be
installed whenever cooking appliances are
using LPG/PNG/oil/electricity or dry fuels
 The initial fire hazard is the cooking appliance
itself. However, once the exhaust ventilation
system is involved in fire due to propagation from
the appliances
 Sprinkler protection is specified for a building,
it needs careful consideration such that no water
should get on the cooking appliances

FIRE SEPARATION
REQUIREMENTS
 The kitchen shall be separated from other parts
of the same building by compartment walls
having fire resistance of at least 60 min.
 Food serving areas shall be fire separated from
the kitchens/cooking areas by Doors having fire
resistance of 60 min rating and fitted with
automatic self-closing device.
 Commercial kitchen/cooking using LPG as fuel
for the ‘open flame’cooking activities shall not be
allowed to be located at the basements.

 It is advisable to locate the kitchen/cooking
operations on the external periphery of the
building so that in the event of mechanical
ventilation failure, it can be naturally ventilated

FIRE SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS
 The following equipment must always be kept in
working condition:
 1) Cooking equipment
2) Hoods
3) Exhaust ducts (if provided)
4) Fans
5) Fire extinguishing systems
6) Fire detection and alarm system, and
7) Gas leakage detectors (if gas is used as fuel).

Protection of Cooking Equipment
 Automatic wet chemical fire suppression systems
 Automatic sprinkler system

H.CAR PARKING FACILITIES
 Provisions for car parking areas:
1. Floor surfaces should be non-combustible.
2. Floor surfaces should be sloping towards
drains to remove accumulation of water.
3. Vehicle ramps shall not be considered as exits
unless pedestrian facilities are provided.
4. Other occupancies like fuel dispensing and car
repair
facilities shall not be allowed in the building.

TYPES OF PARKING
STRUCTURES
 OPEN PARKING STRUCTURES
 ENCLOSED PARKING STRUCTURES
 AUTOMATED CAR PARKING UTILIZING
MECHANICAL OR COMPUTERIZED/ ROBOTIC

J.FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS FOR METRO
STATIONS
 Classification
a) Elevated and enclosed stations
b) Elevated and open stations
c) Underground stations.

 Life safety requirements are carried according to
Occupant Load of the particular station.
 Occupant Load: Platform occupant load shall be
determined by factoring in the peak hour
entraining loads at platform edges and train
loads, in emergency evacuation scenario.

FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS
 Fire zones
 Metro stations that is mass rapid transit may be
constructed within fire zone no. 1,2,3 as per
transportation requirements.
 Life safety requirements like occupant load.
 Peak hour load shall be converted to peak minute
load by dividing by 50 and multiplying further by a
system surge factor varying from 1.15 to 1.5 as
defined by transit system authority.
 Egress provisions:- Exit Provisions
 Sufficient evacuation time must be considered while
designing metro stations
 Platforms, Stations Ramps, staircase are provided
escalators, lifts , doors and gates.

K.FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS FOR METRO
TRAINWAYS
 Train way shall take place only under the
guideline and control of authority, trained system
employer other authorized personnel as
warranted under an emergency situation.
 Sign boards for emergency egress should be kept
noticed .
 This also depends on type of construction ex:- At
-grade –construction
 Materials used for at grade construction shall be
further determined by engineering analysis of
potential fire exposure hazards to the structure.

M.FIRE PROTECTION
CONSIDERATION FOR VARYING
IN INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
 Formulating the design and other requirements
for smoke and five vents are the basic
considerations.
 Of the two types of buildings ventilation namely
vertical and horizontal, vertical ventilation is the
one commonly adopted in the case of single store
industrial buildings.
 Since 70 to 80 percent of heat produced in a fire
is convective heat the ventilation system has to
be suitably designed to ensure early outflow of
heat and thereby minimize fire spread.
 It is easier to vent a building of smoke that clear it

SCOPE
 To cover the requirements of building materials
and components
 To cover the criteria for accepting new or
alternative building materials and components.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS
 Choice of building materials is important in
sustainable design because of the extreme
network of activities required for making a
material and activities involved thereafter till
construction and sometimes even after that.

IDEAL SUSTAINABLE
MATERIALS
 Environment friendly
 Causes no adverse effect on health of occupants
 Readily available
 Can be reclaimed and recycled
 Made from renewable energy

BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE
MATERIALS
 Reduced maintenance
 Energy conservation
 Increased occupancy health and productivity
 Lower cost associated with changing space
configuration
 Greater design flexibility

SELECTION OF SUSTAINABLE
BUILDING MATERIALS
 Made in accordance with Part 11 ‘Approach to
sustainability’ of the code.

NEW / ALTERNATIVE
MATERIALS
 This part of the code does not intend to prevent
the usage of any materials that is not specified
here.
 Any such material may be approved by the
authority or an agency appointed by them for the
purpose, provided it is established that the
material is satisfactory for the purpose intended
and the equivalent of that required in this part or
any other specification issued or approved by the
authority.

PARAMETERS TO SELECT
NEW/ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
 Requirements of materials specified
 General appearance
 Dimensions and dimensional stability
 Fire safety
 Durability
 Thermal and mechanical properties
 Working characteristics
 Environmental aspects etc.

EXAMPLES OF
NEW/ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
 Ferrocement
 Decorative concrete
 Polymer concrete
 Micro-concrete repair materials
 Non-shrink grout
 Geopolymeric cement etc

METHODS OF TEST
 Every test of materials must be carried out in
accordance with the Indian standards or with the
tests issued by the authority.

LIST OF STANDARDS
 Here the materials have been categorized in a
user friendly manner.
 Some standards are included more than once.
Some are categorized based on composition and
some under end application of product.
 List is arranged in alphabetical order of their
principal category.

Fire Safety and Building Materials

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Fire Safety and Building Materials