Five Model of Personality

Five Model of Personality

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  Introduction Today, we livein highly ambitious and competitive society where each one of us wants to show better than others. As a result most of us pretend to have higher status than our peers. This can be seen easily in the field of education where most of the parents prefer to have their ward in private schoolrather then in government school. Even though 15 years before, there were very few public schools operating in any city and KV contribute most of the education but now a days trend have been changed and people do prefer Public schools even though they are very expensive. Today, children in India are growing in a more challenging and demanding environment. The rate of change in every sphere is rapid with the enhanced knowledge exchange and technology development, the world is going flatter. Globalization demands a new dimension to our approachto education. We, thus have to recognize the need for a globally relevant education. Such an education would mean imparting skills that would develop mental agility in individuals to confidently interact and work in diverse environs or situations. The school curriculum should be oriented such that students embody self confidence and ‘out of the box’ thought process. Therefore, the focus is to strengthen competencies needed to be autonomous, lifelong learners, and for a holistic development of the students who enter the schoolportals, a wide range of multi-dimensional activities should be organized which go a long way in propelling a self-belief, confidence in decision making and problem solving along with chiselling of soft skills. The schoolcurriculum should be oriented to bolster the physical, emotional, social and cultural needs of the students. A strong requirement today is to simultaneously weave a firm moral fiber in the students’ personality. The key to this goal is to pursue a value based education process. The practice of value oriented process acts as a nucleus around which all the schoolactivities revolve. We should be very conscious of the fact that emotional stability plays a very significant role in the healthy growth of a child. One of the important tools to achieve this is through more interaction and one to one rapport with the children. This open and interactive approachalso helps in discovering and strengthening inherent talent in the students. All the schoolactivities should be
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  based on aparticipatory spirit that reduces the inhibition levels of the students and thus assists the students in becoming aware of their potential. Emotional Stability Emotional stability is not only one of the effective determinants of the personality patterns, but it also helps to control the growth of adolescent development. The conceptof stable emotional behaviour at any level is that which reflects the fruits of the normal emotional development. An individual who is able to keep his emotions stable and under control even in extreme situations, might still be emotionally stunned or be childish in his behavior sometimes. Therefore emotional stability is considered as one of the important aspect of human life. Pupil must be able to control his/her emotions adequately and also expressed them appropriately. Scott(1968) opined that emotional stability as one of the seven important indicators of superior mental health. It also affects the learning of the pupils. Emotional control may impair performances in situations which require flexibility and adaptability on the part of the personor pupil. If the pupil have no very little emotion control. It may lead to anxiety, inferiority feeling and guild (Fandsen, 1961). It has also been found that if the people want to be mentally healthy, these unhealthy feelings must be replace by the feeling of self respect, security and confidence which can be achieve only after a good sense of emotional stability emerges. Emotional stability overcomes the fear generated by past errors; it also allows us to pursue our superior ideals and be of service to others whenever we wish to do so. It neutralizes environmental instability and helps us to face pressures or facilities with equal poise, refraining from excess and extravagance. When aware of our mission on earth, we should set ourselves a goal and strive to attain it. We should neither stop nor run, but walk on firmly and steadily, never disturbing others. Our faith in the truth of everlasting life should help us to act serenely. We should ask ourself what we expect from life, how we plan to achieve it and why we want it.
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  According to Smitson(1974) emotional stability is the process in which the personality is continuously striving for greater sense of emotional health, both intra-physically and intra-personally. It has been emphasized that the emotionally stable individual has the capacity to withstand delay in satisfaction of needs, ability to tolerate a reasonable amount of frustration, belief in long term planning and is capable of delaying or revising his expectations in terms of demands of the situations. An emotionally stable child has a capacity to make effective adjustments with himself, members of the family and his peers. It may be suggested that somehow emotional stability is related to person socio- economicstatus in some or other way. Personality Theories Personalities are distinctive. Each individual behaves according to certain distinctive patterns throughout a variety of situations. Humans are finely tuned to observe these behavior patterns of acquaintances and to notice behavior differences among people. You might use words such as talkative, cheerful, cold, disorganized, compulsive, intellectual, shrewd, shortsighted, flirtatious, or ruthless to describe various people you know. Also, you have probably observed that these various behaviors stay with the person consistently over time and throughout a variety of circumstances. These persistent behavior patterns, called personality traits, are stable over time, consistent in a variety of situations, and differ from one individual to the next. Personality can be defined as the psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times. [zimbardo] Over the years several efforts have helped to understand and develop a common vocabulary to describe personality traits. The most fruitful begin with the simple idea that humans introduce words into their language to describe interesting aspects of the world around them. This idea forms the basis for the lexical hypothesis, which states:[DeRaad] Those individual differences that are of most significance in the daily transactions ofpersons with eachother will eventually become encodedinto their language. The more important is such a difference, the more people will notice it and wish to talk of it, with the result that eventually they will invent a word for it.
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  The Big FiveModel of Personality Emotional Stability Emotional Stability refers to one’s proneness to negative emotions and anxiety. More resilient persons (high on emotional stability) are less prone to experiencing negative reactions. More reactive persons (low on emotional stability) are more prone to experiencing negative reactions. Extraversion Extraversion refers to the number of relationships with which one is comfortable. High extraversion is characterized by a larger number of relationships and a larger proportion of one’s time spent in enjoying them. Low extraversion is characterized by a smaller number of relationships and a smaller proportion of one’s time spent in pursuing those relationships. Sample items  I am the life of the party.  I don'tmind being the center of attention.  I feel comfortable around people.  I start conversations.  I talk to a lot of different people at parties.  I don'ttalk a lot.  I think a lot before I speak or act.  I don'tlike to draw attention to myself.  I am quiet around strangers.  I have no intention of talking in large crowds. Openness to Experience Openness refers to the number of interests to which on is attracted and the depth to which those interests are pursued. High openness refers to a personwith relatively more interests and, consequently, relatively less depth within each interest, while
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  low openness refersto a person with relatively few interests and relatively more depth in each of those interests. A particular individual, however, may have a high overall openness scoreand be interested in learning and exploring new cultures but have no great interest in art or poetry. Sample items  I have excellent ideas.  I am quick to understand things.  I use difficult words.  I am full of ideas.  I am not interested in abstractions.  I do not have a good imagination.  I have difficulty understanding abstract ideas. Agreeableness Agreeableness refers to one’s general interpersonal orientation. High agreeableness describes a person who reacts to others with warmth and will bend to avoid conflict. Low agreeableness describes one who, in the extreme, only follows one’s inner voice regardless of hurting others. Sampleitems  I am interested in people.  I sympathize with others' feelings.  I have a softheart.  I take time out for others.  I feel others' emotions.  I make people feel at ease.  I am not really interested in others.  I insult people.  I am not interested in other people's problems.  I feel little concern for others.
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  Conscientiousness Conscientiousness refers togoal-directed behavior. High conscientiousness refers to a person who focuses intensely on his/her goals and exhibits the self-discipline associated with such focus. Low conscientiousness refers to one who is disorganized and distracted. Sampleitems  I am always prepared.  I pay attention to details.  I get chores done right away.  I like order.  I follow a schedule.  I am exacting in my work.  I leave my belongings around.  I make a mess of things.  I often forget to put things back in their proper place.  I shirk my duties. The American-English form of the structure identifies these five personality factors: Factor Trait Characteristics Inverse Trait Characteristics I Extraversion/Surgency Talkative, extroverted Aggressive, verbal Sociable, bold Assertive, social Unrestrained, confident Shy, quiet Introverted, silent Untalkative, bashful Reserved, withdrawn Timid, unaggressive II Agreeableness Sympathetic, kind Warm, understanding Soft-hearted, helpful Considerate, cooperative Trustful, affectionate Cold, unsympathetic Unkind, rude Harsh, inconsiderate Insensitive, insincere Hard, uncharitable
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  III Conscientiousness Organized,neat Orderly, systematic Efficient, responsible Precise, thorough Practical, dependable Disorganized, disorderly Careless, unsystematic Inefficient, sloppy Haphazard, inconsistent Impractical, negligent IV EmotionalStability Unenvious, relaxed Unexcitable, patient Undemanding, imperturbable Unselfconscious, uncritical Masculine, optimistic Moody, temperamental Jealous, touchy Envious, irritable Fretful, emotional Self-pitying, nervous V Intellect Creative, intellectual Imaginative, philosophical Artistic, complex Inventive, intelligent Innovative, deep Uncreative, unimaginative Unintellectual, unintelligent Simple, unreflective Shallow, imperceptive Unsophisticated, uniquisitive. These five factors can be further understood by looking at the following two tables of single pole markers for each trait. The table of trait markers lists the top 10 adjectives that correlate most positively with each factor. The table of inverse trait markers lists the top 10 adjectives that correlate most negatively with each factor. Trait Markers: Surgency Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional stability Intellect Extraverted Talkative Assertive Verbal Energetic Bold Active Daring Vigorous Unrestrained Kind Cooperative Sympathetic Warm Trustful Conscientious Pleasant Agreeable Helpful Generous Organized Systematic Thorough Practical Neat Efficient Careful Steady Conscientious Prompt Unenvious Unemotional Relaxed Imperturbable Unexcitable Undemanding Intellectual Creative Complex Imaginative Bright Philosophical Artistic Deep Innovative Introspective
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  Inverse Trait Markers: SurgencyAgreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional stability Intellect Introverted Shy Quiet Reserved Untalkative Inhibited Withdrawn Timid Bashful Unadventurous Cold Unkind Unsympathetic Distrustful Harsh Demanding Rude Selfish Uncooperative Uncharitable Disorganized Careless Unsystematic Inefficient Undependable Impractical Negligent Inconsistent Haphazard Sloppy Emotional Irritable Fretful Jealous Touchy Nervous Insecure Fearful Self- pitying High- strung Unintellectual Unintelligent Unimaginative Uncreative Simple Unsophisticated Unreflective Imperceptive Uninquisitive Shallow Anyone’s personality can be measured along these five dimensions using a variety of questionnaires andassessmentinstruments designed for this. The result can be displayed in a chart showing where your personality falls between the extreme poles for each trait. The following chart is an example, where each triangle marker represents the degree each of the five factors is present for a particular individual. The factor numbers are in the first column, followed by the factor names. In this chart the names have been chosenso that their first letters (E, A, C, N, O) can be rearranged to spell OCEAN, which provides a useful mnemonic for remembering the factor names. FactorIV is listed with reverse polarity to enable this mnemonic. The last column names each inverse trait.
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  Your PersonalityProfile I Extraverted–––––––▲––––––––––––––––––––––– –– Introverted II Agreeable ––––––––––––––––––––––––––▲–––– –– Antagonistic III Conscientious –––▲––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––– Disorganized IV Neurotic ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––▲–– ––– Emotionally Stable V Open ––––––––––––▲–––––––––––––––––– –––– Closed In this example the person is more extroverted than introverted, but not extremely so. Note that the factorI marker is not all the way to the left. People vary in the strength with which their personalities exhibit each trait. Most people fall somewhere between the extremes of each pole, and are neither pure extrovert nor pure introvert, for example. This person is somewhat antagonistic (not agreeable), quite conscientious, rather emotionally stable and somewhat more open to experience (high intellect) than closed to experience. Personality is stable over very long periods of time; personality traits do not change. They form the stable second layer in the architecture for interaction model. Understanding, accepting, and applying your personality traits is an important part of knowing yourself. Another study focused on descriptive nouns. [Saucier] An analysis of the results extracted eight factors. Their names, along with the five nouns having the highest correlation for each factor are shown in the following table. Factor 1 Social Unacceptability Factor 2 Intellect Factor 3 Egocentrism Factor 4 Ruggedness Trash Dumbbell Dummy Twit Moron Philosopher Nonconformist Pioneer Poet Artist Snob Gossip Eavesdropper Critic Materialist Tough Jock Sportsman Machine Aggressor
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  Factor 5 Delinquency Factor 6 Attractiveness Factor7 Liveliness Factor 8 Disorientation Lawbreaker Pothead Drunk Alcoholic Rebel Babe Darling Sweetie Honey Beauty Joker Clown Goof Comedian Comic Klutz Worrywart Sleepyhead Daydreamer Speculator These factors may relate directly to the primal concerns of people as follows: Factor1: Social Unacceptability, relates to inclusion or exclusion from a social group. This is a basic decision humans make as social animals. The poles, or underlying primal decision, can be though of as: Exclude ↔ Include Factor2: Intellect, relates to human intelligence and higher levels of cognition. Smart is sexy and it has been said that the brain is the most important sex organ. Many believe that intelligence distinguishes us as humans, and it may be interpreted as an indicator of evolutionary advancement. Intelligence is an important indicator of stature. The poles can be described as: Bright ↔ Dull Factor3: Egocentrism, relates to a lack of empathy and respectfor others. It may be related to an overzealous display of status, a generous or false self-image, failure to counterbalance the first-person viewpoint, or a counterfeit display of stature. Its poles can be labeled: Arrogant ↔ Humble or Narcissistic↔ Empathetic. Factor4: Ruggedness, relates to dominance, aggression, and power. Its poles can be labeled: Dominant ↔Submissive Factor5: Delinquency, relates to cheating. The theory of reciprocal altruism describes the importance and effectiveness of “cheater detectors”for the social interaction of humans. The poles can be labeled: Cheater↔ Plays fair Factor6: Attractiveness, relates directly to sex and procreation. The poles can be labeled as: Sexy ↔Repulsive, ugly, disgusting. Factor7: Liveliness, relates to attracting attention, perhaps as a strategy for attracting a mate. The terms seem to describe a real party animal. Possible labels for the poles are: Loud ↔ Quiet, reserved
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  Factor8: Disorientation, relatesto competenceand reliability. Poles can be labeled: Incompetent ↔Competent. Quotations:  “Men do not change, they unmask themselves.” ~ Madame de Stael  “You cannot change the stripes on a tiger.” ~ Folk wisdom  “The best predictor of future behavior is past behavior.”