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Flight adaptations
Birds have many adaptations for flight including compact bodies covered in feathers, forelimbs modified as wings, short tails, beaks, mobile necks and heads, and bipedal locomotion. Their anatomical adaptations include large flight muscles, pneumatic bones, fused vertebrae, and a keel sternum. Their physiological adaptations include an efficient digestive system, an advanced respiratory system using air sacs, being warm-blooded, and excreting nitrogenous waste as uric acid crystals.
