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Flowering and Fruit sett in Litchi
Litchi is native to southern China and has been cultivated there for over 3000 years. It is also grown in other parts of Asia as well as Australia, Africa, and the Caribbean. The fruit is a drupe with a fleshy edible aril that surrounds the seed. Flowering typically occurs in February-April and is influenced by temperature and moisture levels. Individual flowers are self-sterile and require insect pollination. Fruit set ranges from 1-48% depending on variety and conditions. Premature fruit drop is a major issue, occurring within the first 30 days, due to factors like pollination failure and moisture stress. Chemicals and plant growth regulators can help reduce fruit drop.
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Introduction to Litchi; its scientific name (Litchi chinensis), family (Sapindaceae), and characteristics.
Origin in Southern China, historical cultivation for over 3000 years, and appreciation for its taste.
Main producing countries: China, India, Thailand. India ranks second with 80,000 ha area, producing 5.4 l. tons.
Nutritional values per 100g: energy (66 kcal), carbohydrates (16.53 g), sugars (15.23 g), vitamins, and minerals.
Description of inflorescence, flower morphology, and fruit characteristics including seed and aril.
Flowering timeline in North and Eastern India, factors affecting flowering and proportions of functional flowers.
Self-sterile flower requires insect pollinators (bees, flies, ants) for successful pollination.
Post-pollination fruit development, flower bearing characteristics, and fruit set percentages ranging from 1-48%.
Issues with fruit drop post-setting, affected by various factors, and solutions including chemical applications.
Citations of relevant literature and online resources related to the study of litchi cultivation.
Importance of studying flowering and fruit patterns for better cultivation and market potential.
Thank you note to the audience, concluding the presentation.
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Flowering and Fruit sett in Litchi
- 1. FLOWERING AND FRUITSET IN LITCHIFLOWERING AND FRUIT SET IN LITCHI HASEENA BIBI 11-41-323 1
- 2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Scientific Name- Litchi chinensis Family-Sapindaceae Litchiis a delicious fruit and generally consumed as a table fruit, fruit is a drupe ; fleshy aril covering the seed is edible. 2
- 3. ORIGIN AND HISTORYORIGINAND HISTORY 3 Litchi is indigenous to Southern China, particularly the provinces of Kwangtung and Fukien. Litchi has been growing in China for over 3000 years. Chinese consider this as most unique gift of nature owing to its irresistible taste and attraction as fruit.
- 4. AREA ,PRODUCTION ANDAREA,PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY4 China , India ,Thailand ,Taiwan ,Australia , Madagascar, South Africa , Mauritius, Hawaii , Myanmar and West Indies are the eminent litchi producers. India ranks second in the world in respect of area and production. AREA-80,000ha,PRODUCTION-5.4l.tons, PRODUCTIVITY-6.9t/ha Major growing areas in India lie in Bihar,UP,Tripura,Punjab,WB,AP and Karnataka.
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- 6. Nutritional value per100 gNutritional value per 100 g 6 ENERGY 276 kJ(66 kcal) CARBOHYDRATES 16.53 g SUGARS 15.23 g DIETARY FIBRES 1.3 g FAT 0.44 g PROTEIN 0.83 g
- 7. 7 Thiamine (vit. B1)0.011 mg (1%) Riboflavin (vit. B2 0.065 mg (5%) Niacin (vit. B3) 0.603 mg (4%) Vitamin B6 0.1 mg (8%) Folate (vit. B9) 14 g (4%)μ Vitamin C 71.5 mg (86%) Ca 5 mg (1%) Fe 0.13 mg (1%) Mg 10 mg (3%) Mn 0.055 mg (3%) P 31 mg (4%) K 171 mg (4%) Na 1 mg (0%) Zn 0.07 mg (1%)
- 8. MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERANDMORPHOLOGY OF FLOWER AND FRUITFRUIT INFLORESCENCE Terminal or axillary arising from axils of 1st or 2nd upper most leaf of new shoot. Bears tiny , greenish white or yellowish flowers and is branched racemosely. Inflorescence varies from 10 to 35cm in length & 5 to 30cm in spread. 8
- 9. MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERANDMORPHOLOGY OF FLOWER AND FRUITFRUIT FLOWERS Individual flowers of litchi are borne in profusion on the axis of 3rd order , occasionally on main axis of inflorescence. Has several multiple branched panicles. Has compound racemose inflorescence, flowers occur in cymes. Cymes constitutes ,varies during the flowering season with regards to sexuality of flowers. 9
- 10. MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERANDMORPHOLOGY OF FLOWER AND FRUITFRUIT FRUIT Fruit of litchi is one seeded nuts, usually develop in bunches. The fruits tend to be 3-5cm in diameter and usually oval in shape. The fruits have a thin leathery shell (pericarp) which turns pinkish red when the fruit is ripe. The aril or edible portion which separates easily ,lies under the pericarp and completely surrounds the seed The pulp is translucent ,pearly white and soft in texture 10
- 11. SIX TYPES OFCYMES ARE FOUNDSIX TYPES OF CYMES ARE FOUND IN LITCHI (Banerji &IN LITCHI (Banerji & Chaudhary,1994)Chaudhary,1994) I. Cymes composed entirely of male flowers. II. Cymes composed entirely of female flowers. III. Cymes terminating into a male flower with the lateral female flowers. IV. Cymes terminating into a female with the lateral male flowers. V. Cymes terminating into a female flowers with the lateral flowers of different sexes. VI. Cymes terminating into a male flowers with the lateral flowers of different sexes. 11
- 12. FLOWERING AND FRUITSETFLOWERING AND FRUIT SET FLOWERING In North India , flowering takes place in feb. Opening of flowers starts in 2nd or 3rd week of march. Flowering period ranged from 26 to 35 days in different varieties In Eastern India , the emergence of flower panicle starts during 2nd week of march and continues up to second week of April in different cultivars. The total duration of flowering in different varieties ranges from 25 to 40 days. Time of flower initiation depends on genotype and environmental conditions. Temperature has a vital role in floral initiation of litchi. It is reported that floral initiation occurs about 3-4 weeks after min. daily temperature falls below 10๐ C(BATTEN & LAHAV,1981). 12
- 13. FLOWERINGFLOWERING High soilmoisture prior to flowering is conducive to vegetative growth ,in turn suppressing flowering ,while low soil moisture restricts vegetative flushing and promotes flowering. Intra plant variation in flushing and shoot growth pattern influences overall floriferousness of litchi plant. Higher shoot girth and larger number of leaves per unit of shoot length in the second flush is a crucial factor for flower bud differentiation(Das et al.,2004) Number of flowers in a panicle depends on Cultivar Age and vigour of tree Environmental conditions. Proportion of functional female flowers , which indicates number of fruits ,varies from 10 to 60% depending on varietal character and local condition. 13
- 14. POLLINATIONPOLLINATION An individual floweris self sterile but it possesses nectar. The pollination of flower requires insects like honeybees , flies ,ants and wasp. 14
- 15. 15 FRUIT SETFRUIT SET Withthe successful pollination of the flower , a burst of growth of the erstwhile ovary occurs and development of a fruit begins.This usually happens with a simultaneous wilting and abscission of the petals and sometimes of stamens . Not all flowers which are produced on the panicles bear fruits.Most of the Flowers are either male or pseudohermaphrodite.,thus a small proportion of female flower are produced and a limited no. of flowers have successful pollination & fertilisation. The fruit set ranges from1 to 48 % depending upon the cultivar,nature of tree, vigour & Environmental conditions. Increase in fruit set can be achieved by spraying IAA(40ppm) or NAA(20ppm) or 2,4-D(10ppm)GA3 (25ppm) ,0.5 % of Borax,0.5% ZnSo4 in certain varieties. In cultivar Dehradun,application of NAA(2.5ppm) and Zinc (200ppm) sprays increased initial and final fruit sets respectively.Enhancement in fruit weight , length , diameter and length/diameter ratio resulted with Zinc (100ppm) (Sharma et al.,2005) 3 sprays are given -at flower opening,15 days after 1st spray & another after 15 days
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- 17. FRUIT DROPFRUIT DROP Fruit drop is a serious problem in litchi. Immediately after fruit set, premature fruit drop starts and it continues till maturity. Maximum fruits drop in the initial 15-30 days, intensity being influenced by variety , environment and cultural practise followed. Main reasons for fruit drop are Failure of fertilisation ,embryo abortion , nutritional and harmonal imbalance ,moisture stress, high temperature,low humidity and strong winds. 17
- 18. Spraying syntheticauxin , 3-5-6 Trichloro-2-phridyl- oxyacetic acid (3-5-6 TPA) at 50 ppm on the cultivars, TPA reduced natural fruit drop . Effect of chemicals and PGR on fruit drop and cracking -KMnO4 (2.0 & 4.0 %) & CaNO3 (1.0 %) delayed the colour break stage by 4 days and increased the fruit retention by 18.0 & 26.0 %, respectively. To prevent fruit drop,trees are sprayed with 0 .1-0.2% urea ,sometimes with 0.2% magnesium sulphate. 2,4,5- trichlorophenoxyacetic acid & alphanapthaleneacetic acid as drop stop. 18
- 19. REFERENCE Misra,k.k.2011.Subtropical FruitCulture.Kalyani Publisher. Radha.T&Mathew.L.2007.Fruit Crops.New India Publishing Agency Verma,L.R &Jindal, K.K.Fruit Crop Pollination.Kalyani Publisher www.lycheeonline.com 19
- 20. conclusion Studying floweringand fruit pattern will,help us to know the plant better and its cultivation can be widened. It is gaining popularity in foreign market,and is money earning crop. Also,litchi occupies special position due to its high nutritive value. 20
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