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![Treatment
Hypokalaemia Hyperkalaemia
• Correction of alkalosis/acidosis,
Volume deficits
• Other electrolyte disturbances.
• Replace GI fluids upto upper limits of
loss if person has normal renal
function.
• Oral supplements like fresh fruits and
vegetables or potassium supplements
of 20 to 40 mmol daily.
• Patients with high renal use potassium
sparing diuretics Eg. Spironolactone.
• Identify and treat cause
• Specially check renal function
• 10 – 20 mL intravenous 10% Calcium Chloride/ Calcium
Gluconate over 10 min in patients with ECG abnormalities:
helps in membrane stabilization.
• Sodium bicarbonate 50 mEq/l shift k+ into cells
• 50 mL 50% dextrose plus 10 units short acting insulin over 2-
3min: shifts k+ into cells.
• Monitor plasma glucose and K+ over next (30-60 min)
• Regular Salbutomol nebulizers
• Consider oral or rectal Ca+2
• Resonium (ion exchange resin)
Haemodialysis for persistent hyperkale
Potassium binding resin
Kayexalate – Na polystyrene sulfonate
K Bind – Calcium polystyrene sulfonate
15 - 30 gms orally in sorbitol ( 3ml/gm) every 6 hours [1
gm/kg / dose]
1 gm binds 1meq of K
Can be given per rectally but takes long time for action
and cumbersome](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/fluidandelectrolytes2003secondedition-140721025547-phpapp01/85/Fluid-and-electrolytes-40-320.jpg)
![Treatment
Hypokalaemia Hyperkalaemia
• Correction of alkalosis/acidosis,
Volume deficits
• Other electrolyte disturbances.
• Replace GI fluids upto upper limits of
loss if person has normal renal
function.
• Oral supplements like fresh fruits and
vegetables or potassium supplements
of 20 to 40 mmol daily.
• Patients with high renal use potassium
sparing diuretics Eg. Spironolactone.
• Identify and treat cause
• Specially check renal function
• 10 – 20 mL intravenous 10% Calcium Chloride/ Calcium
Gluconate over 10 min in patients with ECG abnormalities:
helps in membrane stabilization.
• Sodium bicarbonate 50 mEq/l shift k+ into cells
• 50 mL 50% dextrose plus 10 units short acting insulin over 2-
3min: shifts k+ into cells.
• Monitor plasma glucose and K+ over next (30-60 min)
• Regular Salbutomol nebulizers
• Consider oral or rectal Ca+2
• Resonium (ion exchange resin)
Haemodialysis for persistent hyperkale
Potassium binding resin
Kayexalate – Na polystyrene sulfonate
K Bind – Calcium polystyrene sulfonate
15 - 30 gms orally in sorbitol ( 3ml/gm) every 6 hours [1
gm/kg / dose]
1 gm binds 1meq of K
Can be given per rectally but takes long time for action
and cumbersome](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/fluidandelectrolytes2003secondedition-140721025547-phpapp01/75/Fluid-and-electrolytes-40-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byMohammed Haneef Farooq
Fluid and electrolytes
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in the human body. It begins by outlining the significance and components of body fluids, including their composition and functional roles. Homeostasis and disorders related to fluid volume and concentration are then examined. Specific electrolyte imbalances involving sodium, acid-base balance, potassium, calcium, chloride, and magnesium are explored in depth. Signs, symptoms, causes, and treatment approaches are provided for various electrolyte disturbances. The document concludes by discussing fluid therapy and principles of fluid management.
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Fluid and electrolytes
- 1. Presenter : Dr.Mohammed Haneef Moderator : Dr. Neelakamal Hallur
- 2. Significance Introduction Functional components of body fluids Composition of body fluids Homeostasis Disorders due to disturbance in volume i. Hypovolaemia ii. Hypervolaemia Disturbance in concentration Sodium Disturbance in composition a. Acid base imbalances b. Potassium c. Calcium d. Chloride e. Magnesium Fluid therapy
- 3. The ever expandingspecialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery has made it obligatory for the surgeons to be aware of the basic principles of fluid management and to possess a sound strategy for blood product usage in order to enhance and optimize comprehensive patient care. The water in the body contains dissolved minerals called electrolytes. They include sodium,
- 5. Daily we consume2250 ml of water but…. Why do we need to drink water… Where does all this water go… Why we drink only this much of water…
- 6. We need todrink water because.. 1 All chemical reactions occur in liquid medium. 2 It is crucial in regulating chemical and bioelectrical distributions within cells. 3 Transports substances such as hormones and nutrients. 4 O2 transport from lungs to body cells. 5 CO2 transport in the opposite direction. 6 Dilutes toxic substances and waste products and transports them to the kidneys and the liver. 7 Distributes heat around the body
- 7. Where does allthis water go… • Water constitutes an average 50 to 70% of the total body weight Young males - 60% of total body weight Older males – 52% Young females – 50% of total body weight Older females – 47% • Variation of ±15% in both groups is normal • Obese have 25 to 30% less body water than lean people. • Infants 75 to 80% - gradual physiological loss of body water - 65% at one year of age
- 9. Functional Components ofthe Body Fluid The water of the body is divided into 3 functional components (TBW – 60%): Intracellular Fluid – 40% of the body weight Extracellular Fluid – 20% of the body weight Extravascular interstitial fluid 15% of BW Intravascular plasma 5% of BW Rapidly equilibrating / functional component 13-14% of BW Slowly equilibrating / non-functional component 1-2% BW 1. Connective tissue water 2. Transcellular fluid i.e. CSF, joint fluid
- 11. Composition of BodyFluids • Water is the universal solvent • Solutes – Electrolytes – Inorganic salts, all acids and bases, and some proteins. – Non-electrolytes –Most non electrolytes are organic molecules – glucose, lipids, creatinine and urea • Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than non electrolytes • Water moves according to osmotic gradients
- 12. Cations Concentration, mEq/L Sodium135 - 145 Potassium 3.5 - 4.5 Calcium 4.0 - 5.5 Magnesium 1.5 - 2.5 Anions Chloride 95 - 105 Phosphate 2.5 - 4.5 Milliequivalents per Liter -- mEq/L How many grams of electrolyte (solute) in a liter of plasma (solution)
- 14. Solute Overview Intracellular v/sExtracellular Ionic composition very different Total ionic concentration very similar Total osmotic concentrations virtually identical Osmolarity is identical in all body fluid compartments
- 15. Principles of BodyWater Distribution Body control systems regulate ingestion and excretion: - constant total body water - constant total body osmolarity Homeostatic mechanisms respond to changes in ECF No receptors directly monitor fluid or electrolyte balance - Respond to changes in plasma volume or osmotic concentrations
- 16. Fluid Movement AmongCompartments Compartmental exchange is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. Net leakage of fluid from the blood is picked up by lymphatic vessels and returned to the bloodstream. Exchanges between interstitial and intracellular fluids are complex due to the selective permeability of the cellular membranes. Two-way water flow is substantial. Ion fluxes are restricted and move selectively by active transport. Nutrients, respiratory gases, and wastes move unidirectionally. Plasma is the only fluid that circulates throughout the body and links external and internal environments. Osmolalities of all body fluids are equal; changes in solute concentrations are quickly followed by osmotic changes.
- 18. Homeostasis means theconstancy of the internal environment by the coordinated activities of all the systems of the body. The working systems include 1. Respiratory system 2. Excretory system 3. Digestive system 4. Circulatory system 5. Nervous and endocrine systems The amount of water we drink is regulated by homeostasis 1. Output = Intake 2. Thirst & Satiety 3. Hormonal regulation
- 22. 1. Due todisturbances in volume: a. Hypervolaemia b. Hypovolaemia 2. Disturbances in concentration: a. Hypernatraemia b. Hyponatraemia 3. Due to disturbances in composition a. Acid-base balances b. Changes in concentrations of calcium, magnesium and potassium
- 23. Common laboratory teststo evaluate fluid disturbances due to volume Hypervolaemia Serum electrolytes Serum Urea Nitrogen/CR Hematocrit Urine electrolytes Specific gravity Serum albumin 24 hour urine for Cr clearance Hypovolaemia Serum electrolytes Urine – specific gravity Total protein LFT Creatinine clearance
- 24. Causes Hypervolaemia causes Excessiveinfusion of intravenous fluids Retention of water in abnormal conditions such as cardiac, renal and hepatic failure Absorption of water as during transurethral resection of prostrate using distilled water. Hypovolaemia causes Vomitting, diarrhoea,fistulae When the patient is febrile: fluid loss increases by 12% with every centigrade rise in temperature Sequestration of fluid in third space/ interstitial space Burns Haemorrhage
- 25. Signs and symptoms Hypovolaemia Poor skin turgor Dry mucous membranes Dry axilla Flat neck veins Tachycardia Orthostatic hypotension Hypothermis Weight loss Sunken eyes Hypervolaemia Shortness of breath Rest or with exertion JVD Hepatojugular reflex Ascites Pitting edema Weight gain Degree of dehydration Loss of body weight (%) Clinical features Mild 5 Skin turgor, sunken eyes, dry mucous membranes Moderates 10 Oliguria, hypotension tachychardia in addition to above Severe 15 Profound symptoms
- 26. Manangement: 1. Treat thecause 2. Regulation of water and salt 3. Diuretics or dialysis: to remove excess of water in case of hypervolaemia
- 27. 2) Imbalance duedisturbances in concentration: Normal level of sodium is 135-145 mmol/l • Prime determinant of ECF volume, 90% of osmolality. • Water always follows Na • Na increases – ECF increases • Na decreases – ECF decreases • No known to mechanism to regulate intake • Output regulated by: a. Aldosterone b. Renal blood flow c. Renin secretion d. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) due to its effect on water
- 28. Disorders of concentration: Hypernatraemia: Definedas plasma sodium concentration if more than 150 mmol/l Hyponatraemia: Defined as plasma sodium concentration if less than 135 mmol/l Signs and symptoms of Hypernatraemia Signs and symptoms of Hyponatraemia Confusion Confusion Lethargy Lethargy Coma Stupor Seizures Coma Hyperflexia Nausea Vomiting Head ache Muscle twitching Seizures
- 30. Imbalance of composition: Acid-balance imbalance Imbalance of potassium Imbalance of calcium Imbalances of chloride Imbalances of magnesium
- 31. ACID-BASE PARAMETERS ACID pH <7.35 PaCO2 >45 HCO3 <22 BASE pH >7.45 PaCO2 <35 HCO3 >26
- 33. Respiratory acidosis Respiratoryalkalosis Hypoventilation for any reason COPD Paralysis of respiratory muscles Cardiac Arrest – Code Hyperventilation from any cause Pneumonia Too high ventilator settings
- 34. Metabolic acidosis Metabolicalkalosis Depletion of bicarbonate reserve Inability to excrete hydrogen ions at kidneys Production of large numbers of fixed / organic acids Bicarbonate loss due to chronic diarrhea Occurs when HCO3 - concentrations become elevated Caused by repeated vomiting
- 35. Diagnostic bloodtests Blood pH PCO2 Bicarbonate levels Distinguish between respiratory and metabolic Detection of acidosis and alkalosis Diagnostic chart
- 36. Imbalances in levelsof potassium Major cation in intracellular compartments Regulates metabolic activities, necessary for glycogen deposits in liver and skeletal muscle, transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, normal cardiac conduction and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction Regulated by dietary intake and renal excretion Normal level – 3.5 - 5.1 mEq/L Body conserves potassium poorly Increased urine output decreases serum K+ - For every 3 k+ ions going out 2 Na+ ions and 1 H+ enter the cell resulting in intracellular acidosis and extracellular alkalosis
- 37. DISTRIBUTION OF POTASSIUM EXTRACELLULAR FLUID 65mEq LIVER 250 mEq BONE 300 mEq RBC 250 mEq MUSCLE 2635 mEq INTAKE 100 mEq/Day KIDNEY 90-95 mEq/day EXCRETION
- 38. Causes of imbalances Signsand symptoms in hypokalaemia Signs and symptoms in hyperkalaemia NEUROMUSCULAR Muscle weakness Hypo reflexia Paralysis NEUROMUSCULAR Muscle weakness Paralysis GASTROINTESTINAL Paralytic ileus CARDIAC T- wave peak, flattened P-waves, prolonged PR, widened QRS complex ST segment depression Cardiac arrest Ventricular fibrillation RENAL Polydipsia Polyurea CARDIAC T- wave inversion of flattening ST segment depression
- 40. Treatment Hypokalaemia Hyperkalaemia • Correctionof alkalosis/acidosis, Volume deficits • Other electrolyte disturbances. • Replace GI fluids upto upper limits of loss if person has normal renal function. • Oral supplements like fresh fruits and vegetables or potassium supplements of 20 to 40 mmol daily. • Patients with high renal use potassium sparing diuretics Eg. Spironolactone. • Identify and treat cause • Specially check renal function • 10 – 20 mL intravenous 10% Calcium Chloride/ Calcium Gluconate over 10 min in patients with ECG abnormalities: helps in membrane stabilization. • Sodium bicarbonate 50 mEq/l shift k+ into cells • 50 mL 50% dextrose plus 10 units short acting insulin over 2- 3min: shifts k+ into cells. • Monitor plasma glucose and K+ over next (30-60 min) • Regular Salbutomol nebulizers • Consider oral or rectal Ca+2 • Resonium (ion exchange resin) Haemodialysis for persistent hyperkale Potassium binding resin Kayexalate – Na polystyrene sulfonate K Bind – Calcium polystyrene sulfonate 15 - 30 gms orally in sorbitol ( 3ml/gm) every 6 hours [1 gm/kg / dose] 1 gm binds 1meq of K Can be given per rectally but takes long time for action and cumbersome
- 41. In emergencysituation 20-40mEq / hr of potassium can be given with frequent monitoring of cardiac status and serum potassium levels. In non-emergency situations 10mEq of potassium / hr Use glucose free solutions as glucose drives potassium intracellularly. In the absence of specific indications potassium should not be given 1. To oliguric patients 2. During the first 24 hours following severe surgical stress or trauma. Points to Remember in Hypokalaemia
- 42. Imbalances in levelsof Calcium Stored in bone, plasma and body cells 90% in bones 1% in ECF In plasma, binds with albumin Necessary for bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, hormone secretion, cell membrane integrity, cardiac conduction, transmission of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction Calcium concentrations must be interpreted with respect to the serum albumin, because 40% to 60% of total serum calcium is bound to albumin Normal level – 4.5-5.5 mEq/L or 8 – 11 mg% Regulated by Calitonin Paratharmone Calcitriol
- 43. Regulation of calciumin body
- 44. CALCIUM TRANSFER ANDEXCRETION DIETARY CALCIUM 1000 mg INTESTINE SERUM BONE STOOL 650 mg KIDNEY URINE 200mg ENDOGENOUS LOSS 200 mg. URINE 150 mg STOOL 30 – 150 mg SWEAT 99% REABSORBED SKIN 30-150 mgVIT D, Mg 500mg DIGESTIVE JUICES 150 mg
- 45. Causes Hypercalcemia (Ca+2 > 5mEq/Lor > 11mg % ) Hypocalcemia (Ca+2 < 4.0mEq/L or < 8mg%) Hyperparathyroidism Malignant neoplastic disease Paget’s disease Osteoporosis prolonged immobilization Acidosis severe illness Hypoalbuminemia Hypoparathyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Blood transfusion with citrate Alkalosis
- 46. Signs and symptoms Hypercalcemia(Ca+2 > 5mEq/L or > 11mg % ) Hypocalcemia (Ca+2 < 4.0mEq/L or < 8mg%) Anorexia nausea Vomiting Weakness kidney stones Numbness and tingling Hyperactive reflexes Pathological fracture Muscle cramps Tetany Neuromuscular signs Chvostek’s sign Trousseau’s sign Erb’s sign Laryngmus stridor leading to production of characteristic crowing sound
- 48. Phosphate imbalance Hyp0phosphatemia lessthan 2.5 mg/dl Hypophosphatemia more than 5.0 mg/dl Etiologies Decreased GI Absorption Decreased dietary intake (rare in isolation) Diarrhea / Malabsorption Phosphate binders (calcium acetate, Al & Mg containing antacids) Decreased Bone Resorption / Increased Bone Mineralization Vitamin D deficiency / low calcitriol Hungry bones syndrome Osteoblastic metastases Increased Urinary Excretion Elevated PTH (as in primary hyperparathyroidism) Vitamin D deficiency / low calcitriol Fanconi syndrome Etiologies • Increased GI Intake Phospho-Soda • Decreased Urinary Excretion Renal Failure Low PTH (hypoparathyroidism) • Cell Lysis Rhabdomyolysis Tumor lysis syndrome
- 49. Clinical features andtreatment Hyp0phosphatemia less than 2.5 mg/dl Hyperphosphatemia more than 5.0 mg/dl Lethargy Hypotension Cardiac arrythmias Skeletal deminerilazation Treatment pruritis Treatment Mild Moderate severe 2.0-3.0 1.5-2.0 Less than 1.5 mg/dl 0.16mm/kg over 4-6 hours dissolved in 1oo ml 0.32 mm/kg over 4-6 hours dissolved in 50 ml 0.64 mm/kg over 8-12 hours dissolved in 100 ml 1. Phosphate intake restriction 2. Hydration to promote excretion 3. Phosphate binders like calcium acetate or carbonate 4. Insulin infusion or D50% infusion
- 50. Chloride Balance Majoranion in ECF Normal level – 95-108mEq/L Follows sodium Regulated by dietary intake and the kidneys Disturbance usually seen with acid-base imbalance Hyperchloremia (Na >145, Bicarb <22) Serum bicarbonate values fall or sodium rises Hypochloremia (pH > 7.45) Excess vomiting or N/G drainage; loop diuretics because of sodium excretion Leads to metabolic alkalosis due to reabsorption of bicarbonate to maintain electrical neutrality .
- 51. Magnesium Balance Normalconc. 1.5 – 2.4 mg% Essential for proper functioning of enzyme systems Depletion characterised by neuromuscular & CNS hyperactivity. Mg+2 Chvostek & Trousseau sign PR & QT interval with cardiac arrythmias Treatment if < 1.5mg% = 1 mEq/ Kg if 1.5 – 1.8mg% = o.5mEq/ kg Mg+2 Respiratory Depression BP, Cardiac arrest, Hyporeflexia Treatment -Calcium Infusion -Loop diuretics with NS -MgCl2 / MgSo4
- 52. Principles of FluidTherapy Whenever fluid therapy is contemplated in a patient, the following basic questions must be considered…. 1. Does the patient need fluid..? 2. Which fluid would be most suitable..? 3. How much fluid is needed..? 4. At what rate..? 5. Which route is to be used..? 6. What are the likely complications..?
- 54. Clinical Evaluation Changes inbody weight should be recorded accurately and repeatedly on a day to day basis…. Weight loss > 300 to 500gms per day indicate dehydration secondary to decreased fluid intake and / or increased water losses. Water loss Degree of Dehydration 4% of body wt Mild 6% “ “ Moderate 8% “ “ Severe
- 55. Detecting Dehydration Skinpinch test falls back instantly - normal 2 - 4 sec - moderate 4 -6 sec - severe Capillary refill press finger on gums above an upper tooth if it takes longer than 2 seconds for blood to return - dehydration
- 56. Does the PatientNeed Fluids.. Pre-existing disease processes Cancer, cardiovascular, renal, GI Age Infants have higher % water- loss felt faster Elderly –kidneys decreased filtration rate, less functioning nephrons, don’t excrete mediations as fast Acute illness Surgery, burns, respiratory disorders, head injury Environmental Vigorous exercise, temperature extremes Diet Fluids and electrolytes gained through diet Medications Side-effects may cause fluid and/or electrolyte imbalances
- 57. Medications Likely toCause F&E Imbalances Diuretics Metabolic alkalosis, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia Steroids Metabolic alkalosis Potassium supplements GI disturbances Respiratory center depressants (narcotic analgesics) Respiratory acidosis Antibiotics Nephrotoxicity, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia Calcium carbonate Metabolic alkalosis Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Mag) hypokalemia
- 58. Diagnostics Hematocrit normal valuein males – 44 -52% females – 39 -47% If no anemia, can indicate hydration status Blood creatinine Measure kidney function Excreted at constant level if no kidney disease Blood urea nitrogen Indicates kidney function May be affected by cell destruction or steroid therapy Decrease may indicate malnutrition or hepatic damage Increases with decrease in ECF volume Serum and urinary electrolyte levels Urine specific gravity
- 59. Assessment of IntravascularDepletion 5% thirst, dry mucous membranes, UO 1-2 ml/kg/hr 10% tachycardia, oliguria, UO 0.5-1 ml/kg/hr 15%-20% tachycardia, hypotension, severe oliguria, UO < 0.5 ml/kg/hr
- 60. OSMOLALITY Measure ofsolution’s ability to create osmotic pressure & thus affect movement of water Number of osmotically active particles per kilogram of water Plasma osmolality is 280-300* mOsm/ kg ECF osmolality is determined by sodium MEASURE used in clinical practice to evaluate serum & urine
- 61. Osmolality In ClinicalPractice Serum 280-300mOsm/kg; Urine 50-1400mOsm/kg Serum osmolality can be estimated by doubling serum sodium Urine specific gravity measures the kidneys’ ability to excrete or conserve water Nl range 1.010 to 1.025 (compared to weight of distilled water with sp g of 1.000)
- 62. What Fluids toGive.. Choice of a particular fluid depends on Volume status Concentration abnormality Compositional abnormality Crystalloids: - contain Na as the main osmotically active particle - useful for volume expansion (mainly interstitial space) - for maintenance infusion - correction of electrolyte abnormality
- 63. Crystalloids Isotonic crystalloids -Lactated Ringer’s, 0.9% NaCl - only 25% remain intravascularly Hypertonic saline solutions - 3% NaCl - 7% NaCl Hypotonic solutions - 0.45% NaCl - less than 10% remain intra- vascularly, inadequate for fluid resuscitation
- 64. Colloid Solutions Containhigh molecular weight substancesdo not readily migrate across capillary walls Preparations - Albumin: 5%, 25% - Dextran - Gelifundol - Hetastarch
- 65. Colloids A colloid solutioncontains suspended substances that do not settle out of the solution. Most of the suspended substances are plasma proteins, which include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Types include: 1.Fresh frozen plama and albumin 2.Plasmanate- fluid with albumin, globulins and fibrinogen 3.Dextran – higly concentrated glucose solution 4.Hespan – heta starch in synthetic plasma
- 66. Crystalliod Colloid Intravascular persistancePoor Good but with risk of CHF and pulmonary edema Haemodynamic stabilisation Transient t1/2 ~ 30 mins Prolonged t1/2 ~ 90 mins Required infusion volume Large Ratio 3:1 to loss Moderate Ratio 1:1 to loss Risk of tissue oedema Obvious Insignificant Enhancement of capillary perfusion Poor Good Risk of anaphylaxis Nil Low to moderate Plasma colloid osmotic pressure Reduced Maintained Cost Inexpensive Expensive
- 67. Oral electrolytesolution: This solution is isotonic and provides a rich source of Na+, K+, Cl- and dextrose. The sodium citrate tends to correct any acidosis. IV fluids: 0.9% Sodium Chloride - iso osmolar with plasma - serves a good replacement solution for ECF volume - chloride content - higher than that of plasma infusion → too much of normal saline may produce hyperchloraemic acidosis - indication : ECF def in the presence of hypernatremia, hypochloremia & metabolic alkalosis… What solution to give…
- 68. Dextrose 5% inWater It provides 50gms of dextrose / L. slightly hypertonic to plasma after infusion dextrose is metabolized→ water is left in the ECF… too much of 5% dextrose may cause dilution and hypotonicity of ECF and water loading, if kidneys are not functioning normally. Dextrose 5% with 0.9% Saline. Its twice as hypertonic as plasma… However within a few hours glucose is used and there is no significant change in the plasma tonicity…
- 69. Lactated Ringers Solution. This is slightly hypo osmolar compared to plasma Minimum effect on pH & normal body fluid composition Replaces both G.I. & ECF losses Used in correcting metabolic acidosis…. Should not be given in patients with liver diseases and in presence of lactic acidosis. Ringers Acetate Solution. - slightly hypo osmolar to plasma… - main use is as a replacement for ECF deficits in patients with damaged liver or lactic acidosis.. - helps in correction of mild to moderate metabolic acidosis.
- 70. 0.45% Sodium Chloridein 5% Dextrose Solution - It is used as maintenance fluid in postoperative period. - Provides sodium for renal adjustment - Potassium may be added to be used for maintenance requirements in uncomplicated pt requiring only a short period of parenteral fluids. 7.2-7.5 % Sodium Chloride - Studies have shown that even with 50% blood loss, a small volume of 7.2- 7.5% NaCl restores the cardiac output and blood pressure within one minute. - This saline is given through a peripheral vein very fast over 2 to 5 mins. And this results in rise in the plasma sodium level and plasma osmolality causing a shift of body water in the vascular tree
- 71. Hetastarch Mixture ofderivatized amylopectin of various mol. Wt. Derivatization increases resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis Vol. expansion ~ 100 – 172 % of infused volume - seen for 24 – 36 hrs. Dextran It’s a polysaccharide in 0.9% NaCl / 5% Dextrose Two types 40 – lasts for 6 hrs 70 – lasts for 24 hrs Facilitates agglutination of RBC. Thus interferes with susequent cross matching of blood
- 72. Human Plasma - Usedfor resuscitation of shock patient and for maintenance of I.V. fluid therapy - It has a composition and osmolality similar to ECF. Human Albumin - 20% purified human albumin is commercially available. Its volume expansion capacity is 400 per cent. - Rarely, anaphylactoid reaction has been reported with albumin and may cause post resuscitation hypotension.
- 73. Composition of ParentalFluids (Electrolytes Content, mEq/L)
- 74. The Influence ofColloid & Crystalloid on Blood Volume 1000cc 500cc 500cc 500cc 200 600 1000 Lactated Ringers 5% Albumin 6% Hetastarch Whole blood Blood volume Infusion volume
- 75. What Route tobe Used.. As in normal health - 0ral Route. - However when rapid correction of hypovolaemia and other electrolyte abnormalities indicated i.v. route provides a quick access to circulation. - Other routes of parenteral therapy include - Subcutaneous - Per Rectal
- 76. What Rate tobe Used.. Standard recommendation for calculation of Hourly maintenance of Fluid Replacement are : 0 – 10 Kg 4 ml / kg 11 – 20 Kg 2 ml / Kg > 20 kg 1 ml / kg So in a 70 Kg person ( 4×10 ) + ( 2 ×10 ) + ( 1× 50 ) = 110 ml/ hr
- 77. Fluid Regulation inYoung Fluid balance in young is dicey because… In neonates most significant source of water loss is insensible water loss through skin ~ 7ml / kg / hr Under normal renal function Infants & neonates – 2 ml / kg Toddlers & school age – 1 ml / kg Daily K+ req. = 2mEq/ kg Na+ req. = 3 mEq/ kg Replacement by isotonic sol. with osmolality of ~ 285 Maintenance fluid rate 0 – 10 kg - 4 ml / kg / hr 10 – 20 kg - 40 ml + 2 ml / kg / hr > 20 kg - 60 ml + 1 ml / kg / hr
- 78. Fluid Balance inPre Op. Period 1. Correct 3rd space losses 2. Correct Na+ balance 3. K+ to be corrected only when adequate urine output maintained 4. Check if blood replacement is required 5. Calculate Allowable Blood Loss 6. Prevention of volume depletion
- 79. Third Space Losses Isotonic transfer of ECF from functional body fluid compartments to non-functional compartments. Depends on location and duration of surgical procedure, amount of tissue trauma, ambient temperature, room ventilation Replacement of 3rd space losses Minimum trauma : 3 – 4 ml / kg / hr Moderate trauma : 5- 6 ml / kg /hr Severe trauma : 7 – 8 ml / kg / hr Surgeon must remember that by 72 hours post op., this 3rd space loss becomes mobilised which results in increased intravascular volume
- 80. Allowable Blood Loss AllowableBlood Loss = estimated blood vol. × (Hi – Hf) Hi Estimated blood vol. = Wt (kg) × Avg. blood vol. In a 75 kg male with Hi of 45 % ABL = { 4.95 × (45 – 31.5)} = 1.485 Lt. 45 In obese patients the formula is ABL = ABW x ABV x (Hi –Hf) Hi Volume deficit calculated by multiplying Estimated blood volume by percentage of Blood loss
- 81. Monitoring urineoutput, heart rate, BP on repeated basis and comparing them to measure fluid intake assists in determining fluid requirement …. Normal urinary output Adult 0.5-1 ml / kg / hr Child 2 ml / kg / hr adequate oxygen saturation End Parameters for Fluid Replacement Therapy
- 82. Intra Op. FluidManagement If pre-op. volume deficit not addressed --- hypotension 3rd space losses to be addressed because of Tissue Trauma Extensive Dissection May vary from min. to 3 Lt. But no lab methods to exactly quantify fluid loss So, clinically useful guidelines are 1. Replacement of ECF should begin intra op. 2. Blood should be replaced to maintain an acceptable RBC mass irrespective of any additional fluid/ electrolyte therapy 3. Balanced salt sol. needed intra op. ~ 0.5 – 1 Lt/ hr. Only max. of 3 Lt. req. during 4 hr major surgery
- 83. Post Op. FluidManagement 0 – 24 hrs. Increased secretion of aldosterone & ADH Na+ & water retention If blood loss is there, replace it Replace fluid deficit DNS or RL Should not administer K+ unless definitive deficiency present
- 84. 24 – 48hrs. Replace insensible losses which may vary from 900 – 1500 ml/ hr because of - Hyper Ventilation - Fever - Tracheostomy – upto 1200 ml/ day Loss replaced by DNS since kidneys conserve Na+ even at this stage .
- 85. 48 – 72hrs. Replace insensible losses Better to give isotonic DNS & RL Importance of I/O charts Output = urine + vomitus + aspiration + 1000 ml insensible losses + 500 – 1000 ml sweating loss Total this has to be replaced
- 86. Post Op. UrineOutput Oliguria is common in immediate post op. period because 1. Surgical stress – affects Adrenal Cortex - increase ADH & Aldosterone 2. Insufficient post op. analgesia – sympathetic activity increased 3. General anesthetics decrease glomerular blood flow & thus GFR Persistent oliguria < 20 ml / hr in adults < 1 ml / hr / kg in children If urine output < 0.5 ml / hr / kg for 3 or more hrs.– indicative of Acute Renal Failure. Hypervolemia
- 87. Practical Crystalloid Therapy If you infuse NaCl 0.9% 1000ml, all the Na+ will remain in the ECF As NaCl is isotonic there is no change in ECF osmolality and no water exchange occurs across the cell membrane NaCl expands ECF only Intravascular volume will be increased by 250ml
- 88. Practical Crystalloid Therapy If you infuse glucose 5% 1000ml, the glucose will enter the cell and be metabolised The water expands both ECF and ICF in proportion to their volumes The ECF volume will increase by 333ml Intravascular volume will only increase by approximately 100ml
- 89. Blood Replacements Blood weightage– males 66 ml / kg - females 60 ml / kg Indications 1. If Hb. < 6 gm% 2. Ongoing fluid loss of 100 ml/ hr 3. ACS Class IV Haemorrhage 4. Give early in active bleeding Hemodilution Indicated in surgeries where intra op. blood loss of 2 or more units is anticipated. Removal of arterial/ venous blood pre op. followed by plasma volume restoration with crystalloids/ colloids Blood reinfused only after cessation of bleeding
- 90. Conclusion Surgical management& medical management of oral and maxillofacial surgery patients are intertwined intimately. The management of fluids & electrolytes & the usage of blood products are governed by basic principles outlined in this seminar. A favourable surgical outcome is predicated on optimal comprehensive care.
- 91. References OMCNA Humanphysiology Mahabatra General surgery - Shenoy Human physiology(from cells to system – lauralee Sherwood. Human physiology – Vanders Principles of Surgery – Das Principles of Human Anatomy & Physiology – Tortora Grabowski Human Physiology – Shambulingam