Fo3111041112

Bhaskar Das, Reshma.Chakraborty / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1104-1112

Integrated Land and Watershed Development of Dhobai
Watershed in Dumka District, Jharkhand-a GIS-Geonomic
analysis
Bhaskar Das1 and Reshma.Chakraborty2
1- Senior Research Fellow, Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan
2- Senior Research Fellow, West Bengal State Council of Science and Technology, DST.
Govt. of West Bengal.

ABSTRACT
Land and Water Resources Management and sustained production with the minimum hazard to
imply rational utilisation of land and water natural resources and environment.
resources for optimal and sustained production
with the minimum hazard to natural resources 2.0 Aims and Objectives
and environment. An integrated and reliable GIS- The ultimate aim of the project is to study
geonomic database has been designed and different elements of land and water resources for
generated for optimal planning, proper their management towards development and planning
development and management of Dhobai purposes of the study area.
watersheds (23°45’ N to 24 ° 45’ N; 86 ° 15’ E to The main objective of the programme is to generate
87° 45’ E) ,a part of Mayurakshi river basin in up to date thematic information on basic natural
Dumka district, Jharkhand. Knowledge of resource potential on watershed basis, for facilitating
drainage system, land use/Land cover and hydro- land and water resources management designing
geomorphology and other terrain attributes under towards sustainable development planning.
this watershed are very much important for
planning and management activities. 3.0 Study Area
Dumka district (23°45’ N to 24 ° 45’ N; 86 °
Key words: Watershed management, Geonomy, 15’ E to 87° 45’ E) is one of the four districts of
GIS, TIN Jharkhand which have been curved out of erstwhile
Santhal Pargana.
1.0 Introduction The present study area, Dhobai Watershed forms a
Land and water are essential resources for part of Mayurakshi river basin in the State of
day to day activities. Knowledge of drainage, land Jharkhand. Politically, the study area is located
use/land cover and hydro-geomorphology and other covering parts of the Saryeahat and Ramgarh Blocks
terrain attributes are important for planning and of District Dumka, Jharkhand.
management activities. Remote Sensing and GIS both The study area lies between the 86 degree59’ 02.9”E
from the conventional sources has proved to be an to 87 degree 15’ 17.25” E and 87degree 08’28.04”E
effective tool in planning for Land and Water to 87degree 10’0.308”E Longitude and 24degree
Resources management. 25’37.50”N to 24degree 25’30.13”N and 24degree
Land and Water Resources Management imply 33’17.11”N to 24 degree 33’3.77”N.The study area is
utilisation of land and water resources for optimal about 306.87 sq.km.

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4.0 Methodology
The micro level interpretation through questionnaires through intensive field survey. The
integration and analysis of the various thematic study of imperial observation can has been done
information provided by the IRS 1D satellite data, very carefully through spatial data collection in
IRS P6, LISS-III satellite image (precision geocoded this watershed area.
images) has been used as the input for preparation of
thematic maps or layer. In order to prepare the maps iii) Post-field study: in corresponding the various
with attributes as stated in methodology, will be three thematic maps (scale 1:50000) has been prepared
phases for carrying out the whole work – i) Pre-field, from corresponding Toposheet No-
ii) Post-field, iii) after Digitisation. (72P02,72P03,72L14-on scale 1:50000) and up-to-
A systematic methodological principle was date multiseasonal IRS-P6 LISS-III imageries
followed in this project work. This can be (Hardcopy) as well as digital data with subsequent
explaining as follows: ground checks and existing collateral data
i) Pre-field study: this study area as selected earlier, appropriately to find out the actual scenario.
was identified from corresponding Toposheet No-
(72P02,72P03,72L14-on scale 1:50000) and the 4.1 Flow Chart of Methodology
spatial information have been collected from In the present study two basic methods which has
different Govt. office like- Deptt.of Science and been applied-
Technology- Kolkat,etc. A. Visual Image Interpretation and
ii) Field study: Primary data were generated by B. Digital Image Interpretation.
interviewing people upon property desire

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Preparation of thematic maps
through visual interpretation

Georeferencing of toposheet on GIS
platform using Erdas 8.4 software

Digitisation of contours for TIN map

Creation of digital base of thematic maps on ArcGis 9.2 software

Preparation of bar graph
and database design Preparation of map layout

Integration and analysis of Creation of TIN and
all spatial &non-spatial data Correlation map

Preparation of a master plan of complete improvement
and development of land and water resources
management
Fig-1: Flow chart showing methodology of land and water resources plan

5.0 Database
 The present study is based on Survey of India Toposheet No- 72P02,72P03,72L14 (1:50,000), up-
to-date multiseasonal IRS P6 LISS III 15th March 2005 and 10th November 2005 satellite
imageries (hardcopy), field verification and other collateral data
 Category wise area for Land use / Land cover and Geomorphologic maps has been prepared with
the help of ArcGIS 9.2 software.
 The calculated data are used as input data to prepare bar graphs for quick evaluation of area
occupied by each unit in individual theme maps of the study area.
 The Data’s that are being used are:
 Survey Of India Topographical Sheets (72P02,72P03,72L14)
 Satellite Imageries IRS P6 LISS-III, (November and March 2005 ).
 Other collateral data.

6.0 Regional Physiographic Backdrop
6.1 Geomorphology: This map classifies the terrain into various homogeneous units which are termed as
terrain units/geomorphic units. These terrain units are very much useful for the optimal and scientific
utilisation of natural resources and environmental management.
The geomorphologic units that are identified from the concerned study area are-
1. Valley Fill
2. Denudational Hill
3. Residual Hill
4. Pediment
5. Lateritic Upland Upper
6. Lateritic Upland Lower
7. Burried pediment shallow

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Table 1; Geomorphological details

Geomorphology Area
Categories ( sq.km) Percentage
River 2.831 0.922
Gully Head Bund 0.396 0.13
Valley Fill 14.684 4.78
Residual Hill 3.181 1.04
Denudational Hill 10.711 3.49
Pediment 3.017 0.98
Hill wash Deposit 10.519 3.43
Lateritic Upland
Upper 27.585 8.99
Lateritic Upland
Lower 5.809 1.9
Burried Pediment
Shallow 136.7 44.55
Total Area 306.872 100

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Fig.2-Geomorphology map and field photo

6.2 Drainage Map
The master stream, Dhobai river has its source near Chihutiya village in the north western part of the study
area. It flows in a general SE direction, broadly parallel to the general strike trends of the prevalent rock
formations, but locally guided by major joints and faults. The Hardia Nala originates near Kanjo village and
Murko Nala originates near Madhuban, both these Nalas joins the master stream as left-hand tributaries. This
combined flow is known as Dhobai Nadi and it ultimately joins Matihara Nadi near Jhilua village, a tributary
to the Mayurakshi River. Two important drainage patterns have been identified in the study area are Dendritic
Pattern and Radial Pattern. So the effect and impact of socio – cultural and economical life is fully
determined by the Dhobai river and little effect by Hardia Nala.

Fig.3-Drainage map and field photo

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6.2 Climate
The climate of the region is characterised by a hot summer and well distributed seasonal rainfall. The district
receives an annual rainfall of 1500 mm.. South-western monsoon is responsible for the occurrence of rainfall.
During June to September near about 80% annual rainfall occurs. The month of August witnesses highest
rainfall. May is the hottest month with During winter season the temperature varies between 16° to 21° C and
during summer season it varies between 22 to 32 0C. January is the coldest month of the region. Annual and
diurnal range of temperature is quite high in this district.

6.3 Soil
The soils occurring in different landforms have been characterised during soil resource mapping of the state
on 1:250,000 scale (Haldar et al. 1996) and three soil orders namely Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols were
observed in Dumka district (Fig.1 and table 1). Alfisols were the dominant soils covering 43.9 percent of
TGA followed by Inceptisols (43.8 %) and Entisols (10.0 %).

6.4 Land use:
Total geographical area of the district is 5.58 lakh hectares out of which nearly 40% area comes under net
cultivated area, 11% covered forests and the rest 49% area falls under barren, cultivable waste, pasture and
other agricultural use. The details of land use pattern in the district are presented in table 2.1. 0ut of 2.18 lakh
hectare net cultivable land, about 50% is under upland situation, 30% under medium land and 20% under low
land situation.

Table 2: Land use/Land cover On Sample Two Block (i.e. Sareayahat Block And Ramgarh Block)

LANDUSE/LANDCOVER ON SAREAYAHAT BLOCK
Land use/Land Area In
Cover Categories sq.km Percentage
River 2.831 0.922
Waterbodies 0.772 0.251
Settlement 25.456 8.295
Single
Crop/Kharif 202.332 65.93
Open Forest 11.508 3.75
Scrub Forest 1.099 0.358
Land With Scrub 44.81 14.6022
Land Without
Scrub 17.43 5.679
Stony Waste 0.637 0.2075
TOTAL AREA 306.872 100

LANDUSE/LANDCOVER ON RAMGARH BLOCK
Land use Using Secondary
Data Of Sareayahat Block Area
Forest area 1258.95
Wasteland and land available
other than agricultural
purpose 1645.32
Land utilized for non
agricultural purpose 2527.68
Cultivable infertile land 1179.44
Permanent pasture and other
land 1897.2
Other agricultural land upto
2 to 5 yr 3489.82
Current fallow(1 yr) 4356.59
Cultivable land ((3+4..+6+8) 22756.23

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7.0 Co-Relation Regarding Process of Land and Watershed Management

7.1 Watershed Concept

Watershed is a technical term used by the British to denote a common drainage point. It is a hydro geological
unit. In American terminology, it is referred to as Catchment Area. Watershed is the line separating neighboring
drainage basins (catchments). In hilly country, the divide lies along topographical peaks and ridges, but in flat
country (especially where the ground is marshy) the divide may be invisible – just a more or less notional line
on the ground on either side of which falling raindrops will start a journey to different rivers, and even to
different sides of a region or continent. Drainage divides are important geographical and often also political
boundaries. Roads (such as ridge ways) and rail tracks often follow divides to minimize grades (gradients), and
to avoid marshes and rivers.

Table 3:Co-relation between sub-surface water and irrigation
Block Utilisable Net Net draft Irrigation Ultimate Ground
ground irrigation (Ha.M) potential irrigation water
water requirem created potential to balance
resources ent (m.) (Hact.) be created (Hact.) (6-
(Ha.M) (4/3) (Hact.) 5)
(2/3)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sareayahat 1,731 0.4 66 165 4328 4163
Ramgarh 2586 0.4 25.2 63 6465 6402

The other maps that have been prepared for co-relation between physiographic feature and land use/land cover
are
Contour Map has been prepared by taking contour information by Survey of India Toposheet No: 72P02,
72P03 and it has been digitized using Arcview 3.2a software, in GIS Platform.
Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) Map has been prepared with the help of contour information.

Fig.4-Contiur map and TIN Generation

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7.2 Co-relation (vi) Cultivation: On sloping of land without
(i) Co-relation between Triangulated Irregular adequate precautions, cultivation without agronomic
Network and Drainage of Dhobai Watershed measures to conserve soil and water, cultivation
region depicts that the Radial drainage pattern is along susceptible nalla banks, cultivation of erosion-
observed around the Residual and Denudational permitting crops, over-cropping without soil fertility
Hills of this watershed. replenishment, faulty agricultural techniques etc.
(ii) The Dendritic drainage pattern is also observed (vii) Grass land: Excessive and uncontrolled
throughout the study area. grazing, growth of weeds, development of cattle
(iii) The elevated region Radial pattern of drainage tracks causing damage and compaction of soil
comes down and unites with dendritic pattern of resulting in lower infiltration rates, fires, theft etc.
drainage.
(viii) Forest: Excessive and uncontrolled grazing
(iv) Major portion (65.9 %) of the area (Single which inhibits regeneration from seed or stock, clear
crop/Kharif) of Land use/Land cover category felling on steep slopes, destruction of forest land by
which are mainly occupied by Burried Pediment
fires and thefts, biotic pressure for fuel, fodder, NTFP
Shallow (44.55%) of geomorphic unit.
and small timber, drastic thinning of plantation along
(v) Area acquired by Land with Scrub (14.60%) of slopes etc.
Land use/Land cover category is almost
occupied by Lateritic Upland Upper (8.99%) of (ix) Shifting cultivation: Shifting cultivation or
geomorphic unit. Jhum kheti practiced in certain areas of counties (like
(vi) The Open Forest (3.75%) of Land use category is North East India etc.) has proved to be very
present over the Residual hill (1.04%) and damaging to protective and productive vegetation.
Denudational hill (3.49%) of the geomorphic This practice results in damage to the topsoil and
unit. inhibits the growth of grasses, shrubs and trees.
(x) Non-cooperation of the community: Non-
Cooperation of the community in conserving,
7.3 Water Related Environmental Issues at protecting and enriching then ecosystem and CPR has
Dhobai Watershed also resulted in most of the ills.

(i) Changes in flow: Excessive abstractions of Watershed management is required for the following
water from rivers and lakes for irrigation, urban reasons for this two sample blocks are:
supply, inter-basin transfers, or other consumptive 1. To control damaging runoff.
purposes can significantly decrease downstream flow 2. To manage and utilize runoff for useful purposes.
rates and diminish aquifer recharge in Dhobai 3. To control erosion affecting reduction of sediment
watershed region. production.
(ii) Watershed degradation. Changes in land use 4. To moderate floods in the downstream area.
in watersheds can release large loads of sediments 5. To enhance groundwater storage wherever
and attached contaminants into waterways and as a applicable, and
result of this degradation, downstream areas can 6. To appropriately use land resources in the
become blanketed in sediment. watershed for other resources.
(iii) Water quality: Diffuse (or non-point) source
pollution is also a major cause of contamination in 8.0 Formulation of Master Plan
many areas, especially where there is little 1. Establishment of long-term objectives and
enforcement over the use of agro-chemicals sources developmental targets/criteria-
are a threat to human health and environmental a. Explain the socio-economic scenarios and
health. constraints of development
(iv) Riverine and estuarine system health: b. Discuss the planning objectives with respect to
Healthy riverine and estuarine systems require food production, industrial growth, public health
functioning wetlands, floodplains, lakes and riparian improvement.
areas which mediate important services such as c. Relate basin planning objectives to the national
pollutant removal, amelioration of floods, and planning objectives.
provide habitat for economically important fauna and d. Establish water use as well as land use/land cover
flora corresponding through unscientific agricultural priorities in various sectors.
and grazing activities and land use conversion.
(v) Land Use: Uncontrolled, unplanned, 2. Preparation of Master Plan-
unscientific land use and interventions lead to a. Discuss availability of surface and ground water
deterioration of the watershed area. Some of the and their quality as appraisal
activities detrimental to watershed. b. Discuss present and future demand for water as
brought out.

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c. Carry out water balance for present as well as (eds), New Delhi: TERI (The Energy and
future conditions at sub-basin and basin levels and Resources Institute).
at critical points.
3. National Remote Sensing Centre:
Landuse/Landcover-50k (2005-06),
3. Alternate developmental scenarios and
Department of Space, Government of India.
Evaluation –
a. Various measures for water conservation and 4. Chakraborty, P., 1999, Land Evaluation –
distribution Geoinformation: Pragmatic Input for
b. Possibility of integrating various uses of water Landuse Planning: Int. Confer. Vol.
c. Possibility of integrating various reservoir "Geoinformatics Beyond 2000".Indian
systems & Conjunctive use of surface and ground Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun.
water India, p. 187 – 196.
d. Integration of environmental/ecological 5. Deb, U., 1995, A new lithostratigraphic unit
consideration at the western fringe of West Bengal, India.
e. Possibility/need of inter-basin transfer of water, Indian Journal of Geology. Vol. 67, No. 4, p.
recycling, recharging for augmenting 282 – 288.
4. Selection of most promising alternative-
a. Impact of alternatives on plan objectives
b. Decisions analysis & Recommended plan of
action

9.0 Conclusion:
Development of water resources without
any scientific planning leads to sharp depletion of
the resources and also degradation of quality.
Therefore a comprehensive and reliable scientific
data base management is a pre-requisite for proper
management and planning of Dhobai watershed.
Ultimately the proposed work will provide
guidelines to conserve develop and harness these
natural resources to minimise the adverse effect of
both natural hazard and anthropogenic interventions
for restoration of ecological balance of the fragile
environment under physical-social-economical-
cultural context.
The issues noted above clearly need to be
addressed in a comprehensive manner as in a national
water resources management plan. Timing is critical
as the various groups are performing their studies
independently without much effort to coordinate. If
left unchecked, this process would not take advantage
of the synergy that could be developed if the projects
were developed with a common goal that would be
identified in the management plan under this region
watershed.

References
1. Rudraiah, Govinaiah, Vittala., (2008),
Morphometry Using Remote Sensing and
GIS Techniques In The Sub-Basins of Kagna
River Basin, Gulburga District, Karnataka,
India. J Indian soc. of Remote Sensing 36,
351-360.
2. Seethapathi P.V, Dutta D, and Siva Kumar
R., (2008), Hydrology of Small Watersheds

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