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Forced migration
Forced migration refers to the coerced movement of individuals due to factors like persecution, conflict, natural disasters, and development-induced projects. Common causes include conflict-induced displacement exemplified by the Rohingya crisis, disaster-induced displacement from natural events, and development projects causing displacement for infrastructure. The topic encompasses various definitions and terms, including refugees and internally displaced persons, and highlights the complex consequences and challenges of immigration.
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Definition and context of forced migration as a coerced movement due to danger like persecution or conflict.
Conflict-induced displacement due to armed conflict; highlighted by the Rohingya refugee crisis with over 140,000 seeking refuge.
Disaster-induced displacement from natural and human-made disasters, and development-induced displacement from infrastructure projects.
Examples of significant displacements such as the Three Gorges Dam and terms like refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs).
Definitions of smuggled and trafficked individuals, with statistics from the 2007 Global Trends report on refugees.
José Saramago's perspective on inevitable displacement and contrasting views on immigration's economic and societal impacts.
Consequences of forced migration including resource shortages, educational challenges, and the role of intergovernmental organizations.
List of resources and reports regarding forced migration and relevant agencies involved.
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Forced migration
- 1.
- 2. Coerced movement ofa person or persons away from their home or home region The International Organization for Migration defines forced migration as any person who migrates to "escape persecution, conflict, repression, natural and human-made disasters, ecological degradation, or other situations that endanger their lives, freedom or livelihood.”
- 3. There are manycauses of displacement Some of the more common include: Conflict-Induced Displacement -occurs when people are forced to flee their homes as a result of armed conflict including civil war, generalized violence, and persecution on the grounds of nationality, race, religion, political opinion or social group.
- 4. Example 2015 Rohingya refugeecrisis According to some statistics more than 140,000 of the estimated 800,000 to 1,100,000 Rohingya have been forced to seek refuge in displacement camps after the 2012 rohinkye state riot by Buddhists
- 5. 25,000 people havebeen taken to boats from January to March in 2015
- 6. Disaster-Induced Displacement -occurswhen people are displaced as a result of natural disasters (floods, volcanoes, landslides, earthquakes), environmental change (deforestation, desertification, land degradation, global warming) and human-made disasters (industrial accidents, radioactivity).
- 8. Development-Induced Displacement -occurswhen people are compelled to move as a result of policies and projects implemented to advance ‘development’ efforts. Examples of this include large-scale infrastructure projects such as dams, roads, ports, airports; urban clearance initiatives; mining and deforestation; and the introduction of conservation parks/reserves and biosphere projects.
- 9. Examples Three Gorges Damin China - about 1.13 million displaced (recently increased to 4 million, but many could return). Tokuyama Dam in Japan - some 600 displaced. Donji Milanovac for Đerdap hydroelectric power plant Sardar Sarovar Dam in India - between 1 and 2 million displaced
- 12. Some more terms Refugees ‘well-foundedfear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a political social group, or political opinion’ Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) (who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border) armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters
- 13. Smuggled people moved illegallyfor profit, include those who have been forcibly displaced as well as those who have left their homeland in search of better economic and social opportunities Trafficked people moved by deception or coercion for the purposes of exploitation, sale of their sexual services or labor
- 14. According to theUNHCR report on 2007 Global Trends: The total number of refugees and asylum (അഭയസ്ഥാനം) seekers throughout the world: 16.0 million • Iraq was the source of the largest number of new refugees in 2007: 561,000. • More people from Afghanistan are “warehoused” as refugees than from any other country: 2,790,900. Source: World Refugee Survey 2008
- 16. The late PortugueseNobelwinning novelist José Saramago is a case in point With Africa in mind, he maintains that, “Displacement from south to north is inevitable. Neither barbed – wire fences, walls, nor deportations will be worth anything; they will come by the millions. Europe will be taken over by the hungry. They come looking for those who robbed them
- 17. Pros and cons Whenimmigrants move to a new country, they are faced with many unknowns, including finding employment and housing, as well as adjusting to new laws, cultural norms, and possibly a new language. It can be a challenge for a host country to assimilate immigrants into society and provide the necessary support. Immigration does cause an increase in the labor force.
- 18. Some believe thatimmigration brings many advantages to a country both for the economy and society as a whole Others believe that high immigration numbers threaten national identity and threaten national security Another argument is that high immigration rates cheapens labor large amounts of immigration will weaken the home country by decreasing the population, the level of production, and economic spending If they receive an education and create a solid life, their individual success can also be beneficial to the home country, if they use their acquired skills to make a difference
- 19. Consequences • Overpopulation • Lackof resources to support incoming refugees • Higher fertility rate, as refugees settle down. • Low literacy rates continue to Increase, not enough room in school. • Government not able to support added migrants in their country.
- 20. Intergovernmental Organizations The UnitedNations is the largest IGO; some UN agencies relevant to forced migration are: • UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees • UNOCHA - United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs • UNHCHR - United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights • Unicef - United Nations Children's Fund • UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund • WHO - World Health Organization
- 21. Reference • Report offorced migration online (http://www.forcedmigration.org/about/whatisfm) • Annual report of UNHCR ( http://www.unhcr.org/47a316182.html, http://www.unhcr.org/51c071816.html) • http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/modules/forcedMigrati on/definitions.html • Forced migration review (http://www.fmreview.org/) • Forced migration in the 21st century: urbanised and unending’the guardian (http://www.theguardian.com/global- development/2012/oct/16/forced-migration-21st-century- urbanised-unending) • Jstore ‘From Refugees to Forced Migration: The UNHCR and Human Security’(http://www.jstor.org/stable/2676049?seq=1#page_scan_t ab_contents)